Diversity and Distribution of Fungi Associated with "Ikwe Pond" Water Source: Their Impact on Water Quality and Human Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/ijes.1773Keywords:
Fungi, Ikwe pond, Upstream, Aquatic, Ecosystem, HealthAbstract
Purpose: Fungal infections are becoming more and more important because of increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients. Nonetheless, waterborne fungi are associated with variety of health related conditions. Fungi in the aquatic ecosystem perform essential functions in biogeochemical cycles. However, knowledge of fungal communities associated to a particular aquatic ecosystem is important. In the present study, we seek to investigate the fungal distribution and diversity in Ikwe Pond, located in Eket.
Methodology: A total of thirty different water points were sampled using 30 thoroughly washed 0.50L sterile plastic containers and cultured on SDA plates with 1ml of dilution factors 10-3 and 10-6 used as inoculums. Six fungal species namely Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger. Cryptococcus sp, Absidia sp, Geotricium sp, were isolated from the 30 sampling points.
Findings: Upstream recorded a total of 27 spores, midstream had 14 spores while downstream recorded 8 spores. Also the colony count revealed that upstream had the highest number of fungal spores count. Clearly, the upstream (59.3%) and the midstream (78.6%) sampling points were dominated by Aspergillus niger while the downstream water column was dominated by Candida tropicalis (50%).
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: In many countries, there has been little focus on the occurrence of fungi in water which can lead to severe health related issues but with monitoring on the frequency and distribution of fungi in our waters, this perceived health related complications can be checked.
Downloads
References
Abdelfattah, A., Wisniewski, M., Droby, S., & Schena, L. (2016). Spatial and compositional variation in the fungal communities of organic and conventionally grown apple fruit at the consumer point-of-purchase. Horticulture research, 3, 16047. https://doi.org/10.1038/hortres.2016.47
Abdel-Raheem A and Shearer C. A. (2002), Extracellular enzyme production by fresh water ascomycetes, Fungal Diversity, 11: 1-9.
Arvanitidou M, Spaia S, Velegraki A, Pezarloglou M, Kanetidis D, Pangidis P, Askepidis N, Katsinas Ch, Vayonas G, Katsouyannopoulos V. (2000). High level of recovery of fungi from water and dialysate in haemodialysis units. J. Hosp. Infect. 45:225-230
Ashbolt NJ. Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water and Human Health from Community Water Systems. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015;2(1):95-106. doi:10.1007/s40572-014-0037-5
Ayanbimpe, G.,Abba, V. E. and Ior, A. C. (2012).Yeast and Yeast-like fungal contaminants of water used for domestic Purposes in Jos, Nigeria. Microbiology research, 3 (24) : 98 - 102.
Bennett, J. W. and Klich M (2003). Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Revolution, 16: 497-516.
Bozzuto, G., Ruggieri, P. & Molinari, A. (2010). Molecular aspects of tumor cell migration and invasion. Ann Ist Super Sanità , 48 (4), 66-80
Cathrine, S. J. & Raghukumar, C. Anaerobic denitrification in fungi from the coastal marine sediments off Goa, India. Mycol. Res. 113, 100-109 (2009).
Cheesbrough (2016), District Laboratory Practices in Tropical Countries, Second edition update, Part 2, Pg 234-247.
Cogliati M, D'Amicis R, Zani A, Montagna MT, Caggiano G, De Giglio O, Balbino S, De Donno A, Serio F, Susever S, Ergin C, Velegraki A, Ellabib MS, Nardoni S, Macci C, Oliveri S, Trovato L, Dipineto L, Rickerts V, McCormick-Smith I, Akcaglar S, Tore O, Mlinaric-Missoni E, Bertout S, Malli M, Martins MD, Vencà AC, Vieira ML, Sampaio AC, Pereira C, Criseo G, Romeo O, Ranque S, Al-Yasiri MH, Kaya M, Cerikcioglu N, Marchese A, Vezzulli L, Ilkit M, Desnos-Ollivier M, Pasquale V, Korem M, Polacheck I, Scopa A, Meyer W, Ferreira-Paim K, Hagen F, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Lockhart SR, Tintelnot K, Tortorano AM, Dromer F, Varma A, Kwon-Chung KJ, Inácio J, Alonso B, Colom MF. (2016). Environmental distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii around the Mediterranean basin. FEMS Yeast Research, 16 (4) : 1 - 12.
Damare S, Raghukumar C, Raghukumar S. (2006), Fungi in deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Basin. Deep-Sea Res I 53:14-27
Damare S, Singh P, Raghukumar S. (2012). Biotechnology of marine fungi. Prog Mol Subcell Biol, 53:277-297. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23342-5_14
De Hoog, G. S, Guarro, J. Gene, J and Figueras, M.J. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi.Central bureau voorSchimmecultures, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Doggett MS (2000). Characterization of fungal biofilms within a municipal water distribution system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66(3): 1249-1251.
Eissa A.E., Tharwat N.A., Zaki M.M. (2013). Field assessment of the mid winter mass kills of trophic fishes at Mariotteya stream, Egypt: Chemical and biological pollution synergistic model. Chemosphere, 90:1061-1068.
Goh, T.K. and Hyde, K.D. (1996) Biodiversity of freshwater fungi. Indust. Microbiol. 17, 328±45.
Grossart, H., Van den Wyngaert, S., Kagami, M., Wurzbacher, C., Cunliffe, M., Rojas-Jimenez, K. (2019). Fungi in aquatic ecosystems. Nat Rev Microbiol 17, 339-354 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0175-8
Gunhild, H., Ann, K. K., Peter, G., Sybren de Hoog, G. and Ida, S. (2006). Diversity and significance of Molds in Norwegian drinking water.Applied environmental Microbiology 72 (12): 7586-7589.
Hay. R. J (2014). Fungal infections In: Manson's Tropical Infection Diseases (Twenty-third). Science Direct.
Hyde, K. D., Gareth Jones, E.B., Leaño, E., Pointing, S.B., Poonyth, A.D., Vrijmoed, L.L.P. (1998). Role of fungi in marine ecosystems. Biodivers. Conserv. 7, 1147-1161.
Jebaraj, C. S., Raghukumar, C., Behnke, A. & Stoeck, T. (2010). Fungal diversity in oxygen-depleted regions of the Arabian Sea revealed by targeted environmental sequencing combined with cultivation. FEMS Microb. Ecol. 71, 399-412
Jones EBG. 2011. Fifty years of marine mycology. Fungal Divers. 50:73-112. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0119-8
Krauss GJ, Sole M, Krauss G, Schlosser D, Wesenberg D, Barlocher F. 2011. Fungi in freshwaters: ecology, physiology and biochemical potential. Fems Microbiol Rev. 35:620-651. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00266
Kwong-Chung, K. J., Fraser, J. A., Doering, T.L. et. al (2014). Cryptococcus neoformansand Cryptococcusgattii, the etiologic agents of Cryptococcosis. Cold Spring HarbPerspect. Med. 4:a019760.
Magwaza, N. M., Nxumalo, E. N., Mamba, B. B., & Msagati, T. (2017). The Occurrence and Diversity of Waterborne Fungi in African Aquatic Systems: Their Impact on Water Quality and Human Health. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(5), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050546
Ochoa, L. J., Ochoa-alvarez, N.Guzman-Murillo, Hernandez, S. and Ascencio, F. (2015). Isolation and risk assessment of Geotrichum spp. in white shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei Boone, 1931) from culture pond. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 43 (4): 755 - 765.
Okpako, E. C., Osuagwu, A. N., Duke, A. E. and Ntui, V. O. (2009).Prevalence and significance of Fungi in Sachet water and borehole drinking in Calabar, Nigeria.African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3 (2): 056 - 061.
Parveen, B., Ravet, V., Djediat, C., Mary, I., Quiblier, C. (2013) Bacterial communities associated with Microcystis colonies differ from free-living communities living in the same ecosystem. Environmental Microbiology Reports 5 (5), 716- 724
Pereira, V.J.; Fernandes, D.; Carvalho, G.; Benoliel, M.J.; Romão, M.V.S.; Crespo, M.T.B. (2010). Assessment of the presence and dynamics of fungi in drinking water sources using cultural and molecular methods. Water Res, 44, 4850-4859
Raja, H.A., Ferrer, A. and Shearer, C.A. (2009). Freshwater ascomycetes: a new genus, Ocala scalariformis gen. et sp. nov, and two new species, Ayria nubispora sp. nov. and Rivulicola cygnea sp. nov. Fungal Diversity 34: 79-86.
Saju, S. D. (2011).Occurrence of Fungi in Pond water (DumarataraiTalab) of Raipur City, C.G., India.Journal of Phytology, 3(4): 30 - 34.
Sakshi, M. and Alka, (2015).To study the diversity of Fungal Species in Sewage Water of Durg District. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 1 (6) : 45-49.
Shearer CA, Descals E, Kohlmeyer B, Kohlmeyer J, Marvanova L, Padgett D, Porter D, Raja HA, Schmit JP, Thorton HA, Voglymayr H. (2007). Fungal biodiversity in aquatic habitats. Biodivers Conserv. 16:49-67. doi:10.1007/s10531-006-9120-z
Sonigo P., De Toni A. & Reilly K. (2011). A Review of Fungi in Drinking Water and the Implications for Human Health . Final report WD 0906 . Bio Intelligence Service , Paris , France.
Szewzyk U., Szewzyk R., Manz W & Schleifer K. H. (2009). Microbiological safety of drinking water. Microbial Ecology, 54, 81-127
Watanabe DH (1994). Soil and seed fungi. New York, Lewis puplishers.
Wong, M.K.M., Goh, T.K., Hodgkiss, I.J., Hyde, K.D., Ranghoo, V.M., Tsui, C.K.M., Ho, W.H., Wong, W.S.W., Yuen, T.K. (1997). Role of fungi in freshwater ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, 1187±1206
World Health Organization (WHO). (1997). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality; WHO publications: Geneva, Switzerland.
Yamaguchi M. U., de Rampazzo R. C. P., Yamada-Ogatta S. F., Nakamura C. V., Ueda-Nakamura T. & Filho B. P. D. (2007). Yeasts and filamentous fungi in bottled mineral water and tap water from municipal supplies. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 50(1 ):1 -9.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Emem Okon Mbong, Ekom Ndifreke Edem, Sajjad Hussain, Mfon Emmanuel Ntekpe
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
