Effect of Prebiotic, Probiotic Bacteria and Symbiotic Diets Containing Bacillus Coagulans and Gum Arabic on Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Authors

  • Hanan Saad Altawari Specializes Trainer (C): Food and Nutrition Department, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47604/ijf.2415

Keywords:

Bacillus Coagulants Bacteria - Gum Arabic- Hypercholesteremic Rats

Abstract

Purpose: Hypercholesterolemia poses a significant challenge for numerous communities and healthcare professionals because of the association between cardiovascular conditions and dyslipidemia. The objective of this research was to assess the impact of prebiotics, probiotics, as well as a diet incorporating Bacillus coagulants and gum Arabic on blood lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Methodology: In order to create an antiseptic solution, acquire the organic substance known as gum Arabic. Thirty-five male Albino rats (170 ± 5 g) were feeding a prepared diet includes supplemented cholesterol to raise the levels of cholesterol. Mice were divided to 5 groups (n = 7). Group 1: simple diet (negative control), the other 4 groups were assigned for a hypercholesterolemia diet comprising 25% lard and 2% cholesterol for 6 weeks in order to increase fat cholesterol in rats. Group 2: (positive control), Group 3: fed with a supplement including 5% gum Arabic (prebiotic), Group 4: fed with a dietary supplement comprising coagulase spores, Group 5: assigned for a simple meal. It was supplemented with 5% daily gum Arabic and Bacillus coagulants spores (symbiotic).

Results: Triglyceride levels and total cholesterol (mg/dL) were improved (P<0.05). In (advantageous manipulate) fed a simple diet (B.D.), compared with (poor manipulate).

Unique Contribution to theory, Practice and Policy: The Anti-Inflammatory Theory and the concept of prebiotics usage to decrease cholesterol and minimize its absorption. This shows that the concept used has been validated. The satisfactory results which confirmed the extreme spread variations with the poor manipulate organization had been done within side the hypercholesterolemia organizations include with Gum Arabic (GA5%), where the best indicated a fee recorded (28.54 ± 3. seventy one mg/dL), which transferred into the poor manipulate (36.33 ± 5.00 mg/dL). As  for the organizations that took B. coagulants and GA 5% + B. coagulants, a lower in LDL-c, (VLDL-c), levels of AST and AST, and the satisfactory outcome documented and directed within side of the organization GA 5% + B.Coagulants. Histological checkups furthermore confirmed that the liver sections inside the 5th organization established a regular structure, also the liver cells mild degeneration. CONCLUSION: The satisfactory final outcome indicated within side the organization of GA 5%+ B. coagulants remedy organization compared with the opposite organizations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdelkareem A.A., Jaafar S.F., Hassan H.M., Taha H.M., Amal Z.S. (2016): Gum Arabic supplementation improved antioxidant status and alters expression of oxidative stress gene in ovary of mice fed high fat diet. Middle. East. Fertil. Soc. J. 2016;21:101-108.

Abdulla S.A., Abdel-Atti K.A., Malik H.E., Dousa B.M., ElAmin K.M. (2015): Effect of dietary inclusion of gum Arabic (Acasia senegal) on performance and blood chemistry of broiler chicks. Global J. Anim. Sci. Res. 2015;3:305-310.

Ahmed, A. A.; Fedail, J. S.; Musa, H. H.; Kamboh, A. A.; Sifaldin, A. Z., & Musa, T. H. (2015): Gum Arabic extracts protect against hepatic oxidative stress in alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Pathophysiology, 22(4), 189-194.

Alasadair, H.M.; Martin, A.E.; William, G.B.; Anthony, B.; Linda, F.M. and Dougle, M.A.(1984): Study of the action of G.A.: Regulation of nitric oxide metabolism in the basolateral potassium channel of the small intestine. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.;32: 529-533.

Ali, B. H.; Ziada, A., & Blunden, G. (2009): Biological effects of gum arabic: a review of some recent research. Food and chemical Toxicology, 47(1), 1-8.

Al-Kenanny, E.R.; Al-Hayaly, L.K. and Al-Badrany, A.G. (2012): Protective Effect of Arabic Gum on liver Injury Experimentally Induced by Gentamycin in Mice. Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 3 (1): 174- 189.

Allain, C.; Poon, L. and Chan, C. (1974): Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin. Chem., 20:470- 475.

AOAC (1975): Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 12th Ed., ashington DC.

Asashina M, Sato M, Imaizumi K (2005): Genetic analysis of diet induced hypercholesterolemia in exogenously hypercholesterolemic (ExHC) rats. J. Lipid. Res., 46: 2289-2294.doi:10.1194/jlr.M500257- JLR200.

Azab, S. S., Abdel-Daim, M., & Eldahshan, O. A. (2013): Phytochemical, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of Delonix regia leaves extract. Medicinal Chemistry Research, "4269-4277.(9)22 . 2013.

Babiker, M., Abbas, T., Mohammed, M. E. A., & Rezigalla, A. A(2018): Effectiveness of Gum Arabic With and Without Insulin on the Relieve of Some metabolic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus in Sprague-Dawley Rats." Journal of Medical Sciences and Health, 2018 . 4(2):11-17."

Babiker, R.; Elmusharaf, K.; Keogh, M.B.; Banaga, A.S.I. and Saeed, A.M. (2017):Metabolic effects of Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Randomized, placebo controlled double blind trial. Functional Foods in Health and Disease; 7(3): 219-231.

Babiker R., Merghani T.H., Elmusharaf K., Badi R.M., Lang F., Saeed A.M. (2012): Effects of gum Arabic ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage in healthy adult females: Two-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double blind trial. Nutr. J. 2012;11:111. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-111.

Baharav E, Mor F, Halpern M, Weinberger (2004): A. Lactobacillus GG Bacteria Ameliorate Arthritis in Lewis Rats. J. Nutr. 2004;134:1964-1969.

Bancroft, J.D., Stevens, A. and Turner, D.R. (1996): Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques.4th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, New York.

Brighenti F, Casiraghi MC, Canzi E, Ferrari A. (1999): Effect of consumption of a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal containing inulin on the intestinal milieu and blood lipids in healthy male volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53: 726-733. Accepted Paper

Causey JL, Feirtag JM, Gallaher DD, Tungl BC, Slavin JL. (2000): Effects of dietary inulin on serum lipids, blood glucose and the gastrointestinal environment in hypercholesterolemic men. Nutr Res 2000; 20: 191-201.

El-kheir, M. K. S., Ishag, K. E. A., Yagoub. A. A., and Abu Baker, A.A. (2009): Supplementation Laying Hen Diet with Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal): Effect on Egg Production, shell Thickness and Yolk Content of Cholesterol, Calcium, and Phosphorus. Asian J. Poultry Sci., 3 (1): 9-14.

El-Ratel I.T., Ismail R.F., Fouda S.F. (2019): Productive performance, carcass traits, lipid profile, antioxidants and immunity of growing rabbits treated with gum Arabic under Egyptian summer condition. Egyptian J. Nutr. Feeds. 2019;22:143-154. doi: 10.21608/ejnf.2019.79436.

Elsayed T.R., Galil D.F., Sedik M.Z., Hassan H.M., Sadik M.W. (2020): Anti-microbial and anticancer activities of actinomycetes isolated from Egyptian soils. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2020;9:1-12. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.209.

Elshama, S. S. (2018): The preventive role of Arabic gum in the treatment of toxicity. Opn acc Tox & Res, 1, 1-27.

Eyibo, A., Istifanus, G., Blessing, O., Bogolnaan, A., &Denkok, Y. (2018): Determination of the Effect of Gum Arabic on Body Weight and Some Biochemical Parameters on Albino Wistar Rat. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 8(1), 14-19.

FAO, WHO (2001): Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid BacteriaReport of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria, Cordoba, Argentina, 1-4October2001.

Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S. (2006): Probiotics for Prevention of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Review. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006;58:266-272.

Fedail, J. S., Ahmed, A. A., Musa, H. H., Ismail, E., Sifaldin, A. Z., & Musa, T. H. (2016): Gum arabic improves semen quality and oxidative stress capacity in alloxan induced diabetes rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 5(5), 434-441.

Forsythe WA (1995): Soy protein, thyroid regulation and cholesterol metabolism. J. Nutr., 125: 619-623.

Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972): Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18: 499-502.

Galdeano CM, de LeBlanc A, de M, Vinderola G, Bonet MEB, Perdigón G. (2007): Proposed Model: Mechanisms of Immunomodulation Induced by Probiotic Bacteria. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14:485-492.

Gashua I.B., Williams P.A., Yadav M.P., Baldwin T.C. (2015): Characterization and molecular association of Nigerian and Sudanese Acacia gum exudates. Food Hydrocoll. 2015;51:405-413. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.05.037.

Giboney, P. T. (2005): Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient. Am Fam Physician, 2005; 71(6) :1105-10.

Hamid, M.; Abdulrahim1, Y.; Abdelnasir, A.; Khalid, M. Mohammedsalih; Nagmeldin, A. Omer, Juma Ahamed Abaker, Hassan, M. A. Hejair, Tamour Elkhier and Tagwa Norain Mohmoud (2021). Protective Effect of Gum Arabic on Liver Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis Induced by CCl4 in vivo. J Nurs Midwifery, 3 (1): 27.

Hatakka K, Mutanen M, Holma R, Saxelin M, Korpela R. (2008): Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 together with Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii JS administered in capsules is ineffective in lowering serum lipids. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27: 441-447.

Helal, O. K., Yousef, M. M., & Elnaa, M. (2011): Possible protective effect of gum arabic on experimentally induced gastric ulcer in adult male albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study. Egyptian Journal of Histology, 2011. 34(3):546- "553

Hirayama K, Rafter J. (2000): The Role Of Probiotic Bacteria in Cancer Prevention. Microbes. Infect. 2000; 2:681-686.

Jang MJ, Wang MH (2009): Effect of fermented soybean-derived chung koo kjang on diet-induced hyperlipidemia in Bio FIB hamsters. Food Biotechnol., 23(1): 74-82.doi:10.1080/08905430802672020.

Jha R., Kim S.W. (2021): Nutritional Intervention for the Intestinal Health of Young Monogastric Animals. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021;8:1-9. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668563.

Khalid S.A., Musa A.M., Saeed A.M., Abugroun E.A., Ahmed E.O.S., Ghalib M.B., Phillips G.O. (2014): Manipulating dietary fibre: Gum Arabic making friends of the colon and the kidney. Bioact. Carbohyd. Diet Fiber. 2014;3:71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2014.01.005.

Khojah, E. Y. (2017): Biological effects of low protein diet with gum Arabic on rats chronic kidney disease. Advances in Environmental Biology, "60-69. :(4)11 . 2017.

Kim M, Shin HK. (1998): The water-soluble extract of chicory influences serum and liver lipid concentrations, cecal short chain fatty acid concentrations and fecal lipid excretion in rats. J Nut 1998; 128 (10): 1731-1736.

Kishimoto, A.; Ushida, K.; Phillips, G.O.; Ogasawara, T. and Sasaki, Y. (2006): Identification of intestinal bacteria responsible for fermentation of gum Arabic in pig model. Curr. Microbiol.;53:173- 177.

Kumar M, Nagpal R, Kumar R, Hemalatha R,Verma V, Kumar A, Chakraborty C, Singh B, Marotta F, Jain S, Yadav H. (2012): Cholesterol-lowering probiotics as potential biotherapeutics for metabolic diseases. Exp Diabetes Res 2012; 2012: 12-14.

Lewis SJ, Burmeister SA. (2005): Double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on plasma lipids. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59: 776-780.

Lockyer S., Stanner S. (2019): Prebiotics"”An added benefit of some fiber types. Nutr. Bull. 2019;44:74-91. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12366.

Longdet I.Y., Eyibo A.S., Istifanus G., Blessing O.E., Bogolnaan A.D., Denkok Y. (2018): Determination of the effect of gum arabic on body weight and some bio-chemical parameters on albino wistar rat. Eur. J. Nutr. Food Safety. 2018;8:14-19.

Lopes-Virella, M F, Stone. P, Ellis. S, Colwell. J A ( 1977 ): Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods Clin Chem.1977 May;23(5):882-4.

Matos SL, Paula H, Pedrosa ML, Santos RC, Oliveira EL, Chianca Jr DA, Silva ME (2005): Dietary models for inducing hypercholesterolemia in rats. Brazilian Archives Biol. Technol., 48(2): 203-209

Mohammed Hamid , Yassin Abdulrahim1, Abdelnasir A, Khalid M. Mohammed salih , Nagmeldin A. Omer , Juma Ahamed Abaker , Hassan M. A. Hejair , Tamour Elkhier , Tagwa Norain Mohmoud( 2021 ): Protective Effect of Gum Arabic on Liver Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis Induced by CCl4 in vivo . EAS J Nurs Midwifery; Vol-3, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb-2021): 27-34

Mohan JC, Arora R, Khalilullah M. (1990): Short term hypolipidemic effects of oral Lactobacillus sporogenes therapy in patients with primary dyslipidemias.Indian Heart J, 42: 361-4, 1990

Nemmar, A., Al-Salam, S., Beegam, S., Yuvaraju, P., & Ali, B. H. (2019): Gum Arabic ameliorates impaired coagulation and cardiotoxicity induced by water-pipe smoke exposure in mice. Frontiers in physiology, 2019 . 10, 53."

Ooi LG, Liong MT. (2010): Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of probiotics and prebiotics: A review of in vivo and in vitro findings. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11: 2499-2522.

Ouwehand AC. (2007): Antiallergic Effects of Probiotics. J. Nutr. 2007;137:794-797.

Panda AK, Ramarao SV, Raju MVLN,. Sharma SR (2006): Dietary supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes on performance and serum biochemico-lipid profile of broiler chickens.J Poult Sci, 43: 235-40, 2006.

Pellizon MA (2008): Diet-induced atherosclerosis/hypercholesterolemia in rodent models. Brief scientific literature review. Retrieved from www.researchdiets.com/pdf/product/atherosclerosis_3%page.pdf.

Pereira DIA, Gibson GR. (2002): Effects of Consumption of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Serum Lipid Levels in Human. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002;37(4): 259-281.

Ramachandran HD, Narasimhamurthy K, Raina PL (2003): Modulation of cholesterol induced hypercholesterolemia through dietary factors in Indian desert gerbils (Meriones hurricinae). Nutr. Res., 23: 245-256.

Reeves, P.G.; Nielsen, F.H. and Fahmy, G.C. (1993): AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition and hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J.Nutr., 123(11): 1939-1951

Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957): Determination of glutamate pyruvate transferase. Am. J. Clin. Path., 28:56.

Rerkasem K, Gallagher PJ, Grimble RF, Calder PC, Shearman CP (2008): Managing hypercholesterolemia and its correlation with carotid plaque morphology in patients undergoing carotid endoterectomy (A Review). Vascular Health Risk Manage., 4(6):1259-1264.

Roberfroid M. (2007): Prebiotics: The Concept Revisited. J. Nutr. 2007;137:830-837.

Saad, E. A., El-Gayar, H. A., El-Demerdash, R. S., & Radwan, K. H. (2018): Hepato-toxic risk of gum arabic during adenine-induced renal toxicity prevention. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical "104-111. :(12)8 . 2018 ,Science

Saleh A.A., Amber K.A., Soliman M.M., Soliman M.Y., Morsy W.A., Shukry M., Alzawqari M.H.(2021): Effect of low protein diets with amino acids supple-mentation on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters and muscle amino acids profile in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature. Agriculture. 2021;11:185. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11020185.

Scholz-Ahrens KE, Ade P, Marten B, Weber P, Timm W, Asil Y, Glüer C-C, Schrezenmeir J. (2007): Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics Affect Mineral Absorption, Bone Mineral Content and Bone Structure. J. Nutr. 2007;137:838-846.

Serounge C, Felgines C, Ferezon J, Hajri T, Bertin C, Mazur A (1995): Hypercholesterolemia induced by cholesterol or cysteine-enriched diets is characterized by different plasma lipoprotein and apoprotein concentrations in rats. J. Nutr., 125: 619-623.

Sharma C., Anejam K.R., Surain P., Dhiman R. (2014): In vitro, evaluation of anti-microbial spectrum of Acacia nilotica leaves and bark extracts against pathogens causing otitis infection. J. Innov. Biol. 2014;1:51-56.

Simons LA, Amansec SG, Conway P. (2006): Effect of Lactobacillus fermentumon serum lipids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol. Nutr Metabolism Cardiovas Dis 2006; 16: 531-535.

Sivakrishnan, S., & Kottaimuthu, A. (2014): Hepatoprotective activity of ethanoic extract of aerial parts of Albizia procera Roxb (Benth.) against paracetamol induced liver toxicity on Wistar rats. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 2014 ; 6(1): 233- "238.

SPSS. (2007): Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA Copyright© for Windows, version 16.0 (2007).

Teng P.Y., Kim W.K. (2018): Roles of prebiotics in intestinal ecosystem of broilers. Front. Vet. Sci. 2018;5:245-263. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00245.

Topping, D., Illman, R. J. and Trimble, R. P. (1985): Volatile fatty acid concentrations in rats fed diets containing gum Arabic and cellulose separately and a mixture. Nutr.Rep. Int. 32: 809- 814.

Viviani, R.; Sechi, A.M. and Lenaz, G. (1964): Fatty acid composition of portal fatty liver in lysine-and threonine-deficient rats. J.Lipid Res, 5(1): 52-56.

Weston S, Halbert A, Richmond P, Prescott SL. (2005): Effects of Probiotics on Topic Dermatitis: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Arch. Dis. Child. 2005;90:892-897.

WHO (2003): Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of Chronic Diseases Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003

WHO (2010): Cardiovascular Disease Fact sheet N°317, Geneva, Switzerland, September, 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/print.html (accessed on 19 May 2010).

Yeo SK, Liong MT. (2010): Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity and Bioconversion of Isoflavones by Probiotics in Soymilk Supplemented with Prebiotics. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2010;61:161-181.

Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigo J, Lisheng A. (2004): Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries (The INTERHEART Study): Case-Control Study. Lancet. 2004;364:937-952.

Zulet MA, Barber A, Garcin H, Higueret P, Martinez JA (1999): Alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism induced by a diet- rich in coconut oil and cholesterol in a rat model. J. AM. Coll. Nutr., 18(1): 36-42.

Downloads

Published

2024-03-21

How to Cite

Altawari, H. (2024). Effect of Prebiotic, Probiotic Bacteria and Symbiotic Diets Containing Bacillus Coagulans and Gum Arabic on Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. International Journal of Food Sciences, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.47604/ijf.2415

Issue

Section

Articles