FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRACTICES TOWARDS WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE WITH OCCURRENCE OF DIARRHOEA AMONG PUPILS IN SCHOOLS WITH A FEEDING PROGRAMME IN GANZE SUB COUNTY, KENYA

Authors

  • Judy Mwai Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
  • C Mwandawiro Kenya Medical Research Institute
  • Dr. Joseph Mutai Kenya Medical Research Institute
  • Prof. Simon Karanja Kenya Medical Research Institute
  • Prof. George Karani Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK

Keywords:

Practice, Diarrhoea, WASH, Prevention, Control, Ganze

Abstract

Purpose: Inadequate sanitation is a major factor that causes diarrhea in school-aged children, this leads to a number of health problems, including stunted growth, diarrheal illness and even death. The main objective of the study was to determine the factors associated with practices towards water, sanitation and hygiene with occurrence of diarrhoea among pupils in schools with a feeding programme in Ganze sub county, Kenya

Methodology: A school-based cross-sectional study design was employed where 24 schools were sampled. 10 pupils were targeted from each school (240). Data was collected through a pre-tested structured questionnaire and keyed-into the SPSS and analysed.

Results: Study findings indicate that majority of the pupils aged between 10 - 14 years were 69.7%, while those aged between 15-18years were 25.5% and the least was aged between 5-9 years old at 5.0%. Majority of the pupils were in class 5-6 forming 48.7% of the responses, followed by classes 7-8 at 46.7% while classes 3-4 at 4.6 %. The study results indicate that 54% of the pupils were female and 46% male. It was noted that there is statistical significance among pupils who had suffered from diarrhea (P>0.005). Gender (p<0.005), training on health related issues at school (P<0.005), as well as schools with Home Grown School Meals Programme (P<0.005) and Knowledge of diseases associated with WASH (χ2= 108.519, df = 1, P<0.005) had a significance association with diarrhoea occurrence. Toilet usage (χ2= 2.088, df = 1, P>0.005), availability of water (χ2= 0.836, df = 2, P>0.005), availability of handwashing facilities (χ2= 0.141, df = 1, P>0.005) had no significant association with occurrence of diarrhea.  Further significance was noted on demographic (β = 0.867, P=.000) behavioural (β = 0.924, P=.000), environmental factors (β = 0.689, P=.000) and diarrhoea occurrence.

Conclusions: Study indicates that environmental, demographic and behavioral factors significantly predict diarrhea occurrence. WASH related diseases, Trainings on WASH and implementation of HGSMP have a positive relationship with occurrence, prevention and control of diarrhea. Control programs should adopt a more comprehensive approach. School and community-based health education is also imperative to significantly reduce the spread and morbidity from diarrhoea.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Judy Mwai, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

Post Graduate Student

References

1. Annette PDK, Lorna F and Jamie B. Estimating the Burden of Disease from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at a Global Level, WHO bulletin (2004).
2. Bartram J., Cairncross S. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: Forgotten foundations of health. PLoS Med. 2010;7 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367.
3. Biran A, Jenkins MW, Dabrase P, Bhagwat I.Patterns and determinants of communal latrine usage in urban poverty pockets in Bhopal: India. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2011;16:854-862.
4. Cairncross, S., Hunt, C., Boisson, S., Bostoen, K., Curtis, V., Fung, I.C., Schmidt, W-P. Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:i193-i205.
5. Curtis V, Cairncross S. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3:275-81. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6.
6. Curtis V, Schmidt W-P, Luby S, Florez R, Tour O, Biran A. Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:312-321.
7. Demidenko E. Sample size and optimal design for logistic regression with binary interaction. Stat Med. 2008; 27:36-46.
8. Fewtrell L., Kaufmann R.B., Kay D., Enanoria W., Haller L., Colford J.M., Jr. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2005; 5:42-52.
9. Gakidou E, Cowling K, Lozano R, Murray CJL. Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009: (2010) a systematic analysis. Lancet 376: 959-974.
10. Garn JV, Caruso BA, Drews-Botsch CD, Kramer MR, Brumback BA, Rheingans RD, Freeman MC. Factors associated with pupil toilet use in kenyan primary schools. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2014;11:9694-9711.
11. Gelaw A, Anagaw B and Nigussie B. "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and risk factors among schoolchildren at the University of Gondar Community School, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study," BMC Public Health, vol. 13, article 304, 2013.
12. Gottfried MA. Evaluating the relationship between student attendance and achievement in urban elementary and middle schools: an instrumental variables approach. (2010). The American Educational Research Journal. 47(2):434-465.
13. Heller L, Colosimo EA, Antunes C.M. Environmental Sanitation Conditions and Health Impact: a case-control study. (2003)Rev Soc Bras Med Trop., 36: 41-50
14. Jae-Hyun Park, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Dae-Yong Son, Seon-Ung Kim,Chang-Min Ha. Perceptions and behaviours related to hand hygiene for the prevention of H1N1 influenza transmission among Korean university students during the peak pandemic period. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010: 10:222
15. Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard) (2006). 5 July 2006. p. 11.
16. Manun'Ebo M, Cousens S, Haggerty P, Kalengaie M, Ashworth A and Kirkwood, B. Influence of demographic, socioeconomic and environmental variables on childhood diarrhoea in a rural area of Zaire; The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · March 1994:97:31-38.
17. Mathew K, Zachariah S, Shordt K, Snel M, Cairncross S, Biran A, Schmidt WP. The sustainability and impact of school sanitation, water and hygiene education in southern India. Waterlines. 2009;28:275-292. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2009.029.
18. McLennan J.D. Prevention of diarrhoea in a poor District of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: practices, knowledge, and barriers. (2000). Tropical Medicine & International Health, 5(1): 22-32.
19. Njuguna V, Karanja B, Thuranira M, Shordt K, Snel M, Cairncross S, Biran A, Schmidt W.-P. The Sustainability and Impact of School Sanitation, Water and Hygiene Education in Kenya. UNICEF and IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre; New York, NY, USA and Delft, The Netherlands: 2008.
20. Parveen KG, Sharon P, Martha D, Laura H and Julie P. Risk of intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in a refugee population, (2005). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73(2), pp. 386-391.
21. Pickering AJ, Boehm AB, Mwanjali M, Davis J. Efficacy of waterless hand hygiene compared with handwashing with soap: a field study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82:270-278.
22. Ram PK, DiVita MA, Khatun-e-Jannat K, Islam M, Krytus K, Cercone E. Impact of Intensive Handwashing Promotion on Secondary Household Influenza-Like Illness in Rural Bangladesh: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial. (2015) PLoS ONE 10(6): e0125200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125200
23. Sandora TJ, Shih MC, Goldmann DA. Reducing absenteeism from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in elementary school students: a randomized, controlled trial of an infection-control intervention. Pediatrics2008;121:e1555-62. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2597.Wu XH, Zhang SQ, Xu XJ, Huang YX, Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Wang TP, Xu J, Zheng J, Zhou XN. Effect of floods on the transmission of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River valley, People's Republic of China. Parasitol Int. 2008 Sep; 57(3):271-6.
24. Sidibe M and Curtis V. Water and Sanitation Programme Hygiene Promotion in Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe: New approaches to behaviour change, WSP Field Note 7, August 2002.
25. Sobel J, Mahon B, Mendoza CE, Passaro D, Cano F, Baier K, Racioppi F, Hutwagner L, Mintz E. Reduction of fecal contamination of street-vended beverages in Guatemala by a simple system for water purification and storage, handwashing, and beverage storage. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998; 59:380-387.
26. UNICEF Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report 2011. UNICEF; New York, NY, USA: 2012. pp. 1-31.
27. United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011; United Nations: New York, NY, USA.
28. Walia BNS, Singhi S, Gambhir SK, Sora S.R. Impact of acute diarrhoea and ORS on nutritional status of preschool children. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1989;90:415-425.
29. Water and Sanitation Programme (2006) Getting Africa on track to meet the MDGs on water and sanitation: Status overview, Nairobi, Kenya
30. Water and Sanitation Programme. Learning what works for Sanitation: revisiting sanitation success in Cambodia, Water and Sanitation Programme in the Pacific (WSP-EAP), Cambodia./LU%y3rt
31. World Bank and World Food Programme. "Scaling Up School Feeding". (2012). Retrieved 31 March 2013.

Downloads

Published

2020-06-07

How to Cite

Mwai, J., Mwandawiro, C., Mutai, D. J., Karanja, P. S., & Karani, P. G. (2020). FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRACTICES TOWARDS WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE WITH OCCURRENCE OF DIARRHOEA AMONG PUPILS IN SCHOOLS WITH A FEEDING PROGRAMME IN GANZE SUB COUNTY, KENYA. Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, 5(2), 40 – 61. Retrieved from https://iprjb.org/journals/index.php/JHMN/article/view/1086

Issue

Section

Articles