THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON MANUFACTURING MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSME) IN LUSAKA: A CASE OF MANDEVU AND KALINGALINGA MARKETS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/gjppm.1198Keywords:
Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs, Supply Chain Management (SCM), Supply Chain Management Practices (SCMP), Small-Medium enterprises (SME), Zambian Kwacha rebased (ZKr).Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out the state of supply chain management within MSME's in Zambia by investigating the Supply Chain Management (SCM) practices, its benefits and challenges using some selected manufacturing micro, small-medium enterprises in Mandevu and Kalingalinga markets of Lusaka.
Methodology: The study used descriptive research design and chose questionnaire as the tool for data collection. Purposive sampling technique was employed to obtain information from both the management and staff of the MSMEs. One hundred (100) questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. The obtained data were then analysed using the descriptive method.
Results: The study found out that the manufacturing MSME sector appreciates good supply chain management practices, but does not practise it. The study discovered that the sector has not established long term relationships with its customers and suppliers. The sector was found to face several challenges which threaten its long term growth and survival, the most worrying challenges being the lack of financial resources, failure to practice continuous quality improvement, low integration of process technologies and forecasting challenges. The study also revealed that when implemented SCM practices deliver a number of benefits to the MSMEs. For example, increased response to the customer, cost-cutting on service delivery, improved information sharing and improved capacity to offer after-sale services. It is evident that MSMEs would perform well if supply chain management activities are improved. This, however, can be accomplished, if the MSMEs engage in strategic partnerships, customer relationship, high level of information sharing, information quality, as well as continuous quality improvement.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study could be replicated in other industry sectors of the economy and also in other developing countries to help build on the body of knowledge.
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References
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Burrell, G., & Morgan, G., 1979. Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London: Heinemann,
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Chin, T.A., et al. (2012) "Adoption of Supply Chain Management in SMEs" International
Chinomona, R. (2013). The fostering role of information technology on SMEs' strategic purchasing, logistics integration and business performance. Southern African Business Review Volume 17.
Chopra, S & Meindl, P. (2001). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation. Prentice-Hall.
Christopher, M & Gattorna, J., (2005), "Supply chain cost management and value-based pricing", Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 34, no. 2 Congress of Interdisciplinary Business and Social Science, Malaysia Technology
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Goh, M.(2002).Issues Facing Asian SMEs And Their Supply Chains. Asian Cases on Supply Chain Management for SMEs. Asian Productivity Organization
Gopal, P., & Thakkar, J. (2012). A review on supply chain performance measures International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 61. 518-547. 10.1108/17410401211232957.
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Improving the Competitiveness of SMEs in Developing Countries the Role of Finance to Enhance Enterprise Development. (2011). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
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Jongwe, B., D. (2015). An investigation into the impact of inventory management strategies on performance of SMEs in the manufacturing sector of Matebele land Central as from 2008 to 2013. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5.
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Kidd, A. (2005).The Definition of Procurement. CIPS Australia Pty Ltd, Australia
Klemencic, E. (2006), Management of Supply Chain-Case of Danfoss District Heating Business Area, Faculty of Economics, Ljubljana University, February 2006.
Kokemuller, N. (2011, August 27). Disadvantages of High Inventory Levels. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-high-inventory-levels-20400.html
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.). India: New age international (P) Limited Publishers.
Lambert, D., (2014). Supply Chain Management: Processes, Partnerships, Performance, in Supply Chain Management. 10.1007/978-3-8349-6515-8_29.
Lambert, D.M & Stock, J.R., (2001). Strategic Logistics Management, Fourth Edition, (New York, McGraw-Hill, 2001)
Lambert, D.M. & Cooper, M.C. (2000). Issues in Supply Chain Management. Industrial
Leseure, M., (2010). Key Concepts in Operations Management SAGE Publications Ltd
Loury-Okoumba, W., V & Mafini, C, (n.d). SME Owner-Manager Perceptions towards Supply Chain Management Practices and Performance in South Africa. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Institute of Management Scientists
Lu, D. (2011) Fundamentals of supply chain management. Bookboon.com
Lyson, K& Farrington, B (2006), Purchasing and Supply Chain Management 7th Edition, Financial times management. Marketing Management, Vol. 29, pp. 65-83
Mbuta, S, W. (2007). Small and medium enterprises survey 2003- 2004. Lusaka: Ministry of Commerce, Trade and industry.
Moenga, O (2016). Supply Chain Management Practices and Challenges for the SMEs in Kenya, a Case Study of the SMEs in the Tea Industry in Kenya. Science Journal of Business and Management 2016; 4(3): 82-89
Mosbah, A. (2014). Development of Algerian SMEs In The Age Of Globalization. Journal of Business and Social Development. 02. 37-48.
Muriithi, S. (2017). African Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Contributions, Challenges and Solutions. International Journal of Research & Reflection in Management Science. 5. 13.
Musa, S., N., (2012). Supply Chain Risk Management: Identification, Evaluation and Mitigation Techniques. Linköping Studies in Science and Technology, Dissertations, No. 1459
Nurrachmi.R. Samad, K & Foughali. I. (2012). The Development of SMEs in Turkey
Nuwagaba, A (2011). Enterprises (SMEs) in Zambia. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management VOL. 4, NO. 4, September 2015 ISSN 2307-2466
On The Frontier Group, (2005). Improving Competitiveness and Increasing Economic Growth in Tanzania: The Role of Information and Communication Technologies. Information for Development Program
Palys, T. (2008). Purposive sampling (2). Retrieved from The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. (Vol.2). website: https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/Purposive%20sampling.pdf
Porter, M. E. (1995), "˜The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City', Harvard Business Review, May-June, 55-71.
Quarteya, P. el at, (2017). Financing the Growth of SMEs in Africa: What are the Constraints to SME Financing within ECOWAS? Review of Development Finance. Science Direct.
Rheeder, K. (2017). Operations Performance-Costs, Speed, Flexibility, Quality and Dependability - Transformation to Organizational Excellence
Roberts, Stacey. (n.d.). The Advantages of the Supply Chain Management for Small Companies. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-supply-chain-management-small-companies-20595.html
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A., 2009. Research Methods for Business Students 5th ed., Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.
Sayed, Z & Sunjika, B., P. (2016) Investigating and Evaluating the Influence of Supply Chain Structure on Supply Chain Risk. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering Vol 27(3)
Sayo, A. (2001). Asian Cases on Supply Chain Management for SMEs. Orient Multifoods Manufacturing Corporation. Asian Productivity Organization
Shahnorbanun, S., Masoomeh, Z & Muriati, M. (2019). Quality Management in Small and Medium Enterprises: Experiences from a developing country. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 13.
Slack, N., Chambers, S., & Johnston, R. (2007). Operations management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Slack, N. & Lewis, M. (2002) Operations Strategy, Harlow: Pearson Education
Slack, N., Chambers, S. & Johnston R. (2003) Operations Management (4th Edition), Harlow: Pearson Education.
Staff Writer DHL. (2017, September 14). Supply chain management: How SMEs can succeed in Africa. Africa Business Insights Delivered by DHL.
Stonkute, E. (2015). A Literature Review on the Linkage between Supply Chain Challenges and Key Success Factors for Small and Medium Size Enterprises. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research. 74. 121-138. 10.7220/MOSR.2335.8750.2015.74.8.
Storey, J. et al. (2006) "Supply Chain Management: Theory Practice and Future Challenges", International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 26, No. 7
Suri, H, 2011, 'Purposeful Sampling in Qualitative Research Synthesis', Qualitative Research Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, the University Of Melbourne.
Tanco, M & Jurburg, D (2012).Assessment of SME Supply Chain Management Best Practices: A survey in Uruguay.POMS 23rd Annual Conference Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Thakkar, Jitesh, Arun Kanda, and S.G. Deshmukh. 2008. "Supply chain management in SMEs: development of constructs and propositions", Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(1): 97-131.
Thamas, W., H., (1989). South Africa's Growing Black Market. Challenges for the 1990s. Speech at the Spotlight on the Black Market Conference, Sponsored by the Small Business Development Centre in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), (2009). What do We Really Mean by Supply Chain Management? Supply Chain Quarterly
The Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (2008). The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Policy
The Office of Advocacy and Small Business (2017). Frequently Asked Questions about SMEs. US Small Business Administration
The Office of the United States Trade Representative. Small Business [Web log post]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ustr.gov/issue-areas/small-business
Towers, N., Ashford, Ruth. (2001). The Supply Chain Management Of Production Planning And Sustainable Customer Relationships. Management Research News. 24. 10.1108/01409170110782423.University.Vol. 26, No. 7
Turyahikayo, E. (2015). 21 Challenges Faced by Small and Medium Enterprises in Raising Finance in Uganda.
Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C., Leong, G.K., (2012). Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach. Cengage Learning
World Bank (2013) Zambia's job challenges, realities on the ground, Zambia economic brief, the international bank for reconstruction and development
Yamane, Taro. 1967. Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row
Zambia Business Survey, (2010).An Analysis of Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. World Bank.
Zia, B (2008). Export incentives, financial constraints, and the (MIS) allocation of credit: micro-level evidence from subsidized export loans. J. finance. econ., 87: 498-527.
Zigiariis, S. (2000). Dissemination of Innovation and Knowledge Management Techniques. Supply Chain Management Report produced for the EC funded project.
Akbar, I., Muzaffar, M & Rehman, K., (2012): Entrepreneurial Supply Chain Management Competence: Performance of Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises. Published in: International Journal of Management & Organizational Studies, Vol. 2.
Anari, R., Y & Rezaei, S., F. (2013). Supply Chain Management Competence and Performance: An Entrepreneurial Approach in Iranian IT SMEs.Tehran University, Entrepreneurship Faculty, Tehran, Iran.
Asare, E & Prempeh, K, B, (2016): The State of Supply Chain Management Practices within SMEs in Ghana: A Case Study of Selected Agrochemical Companies in Kumasi. MPRA Paper No. 70181, posted 22 March 2016 09:25 UTC
Bank of Zambia, (2014). Draft microfinance services bill, 2014.
Batista, L. (2009). Key operations performance factors on trade and transport facilitation. The Open University Business School.
Baymout, M. et al. (n.d.). Research Report: Supply Chain Management for Small and Medium Size Enterprises. Electronic Supply Chain Management. Telfer School of Management. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/12cf/3e298024ebafab5b80107466a5aafced5357.pdf
Benzing, C & Chu, H., M, 2012. "The Perceived Success Factors and Problems of Small Business Owners in Africa," Journal of African Development, African Finance and Economic Association, vol. 14(1), pages 63-94.
Burgess, K., Koroglu, R & Singh, P. (2006). Supply Chain Management: A Structured Literature Review and Implications for Future Research. International Journal of Operations and Production Management. 26. 10.1108/01443570610672202
Burrell, G., & Morgan, G., 1979. Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London: Heinemann,
Cedric, L, H. (2012) microfinance in evolution an industry between crisis and advancement, Deutsche bank, ag, DB, Frankfurt, (online) www.dbresearch.com
Chin, T.A., et al. (2012) "Adoption of Supply Chain Management in SMEs" International
Chinomona, R. (2013). The fostering role of information technology on SMEs' strategic purchasing, logistics integration and business performance. Southern African Business Review Volume 17.
Chopra, S & Meindl, P. (2001). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation. Prentice-Hall.
Christopher, M & Gattorna, J., (2005), "Supply chain cost management and value-based pricing", Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 34, no. 2 Congress of Interdisciplinary Business and Social Science, Malaysia Technology
Country Development Cooperation Strategy 2011-2018. (2018). Retrieved from USAID website: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/CDCS_Zambia_July_2018_rev508comp.pdf
DeBenedetti, J. (n.d.). Importance of Quality Control in Supply Chain Management. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-quality-control-supply-chain-management-80588.html
Desmidt, M. & Abedian, I (1990). The Informal Economy in South Africa. South African Journal of Economics. 58. 258-268. 10.1111/J.1813-6982.1990.Tb00952.X.
Emezie, S., (2017). Prospects and Challenges of SMEs In 21st Century Africa. Centria University of Applied Sciences
Fening, F., A. (2012). Impact of Quality Management Practices on the Performance and Growth of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) .Webber International University USA.
Foley, B. (2018, March 22). Purposive Sampling 101 Blog [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://www.surveygizmo.com/resources/blog/purposive-sampling-101/
Ganeshan, R &Harrison, T. P. (1999). An Introduction to Supply Chain Management. Online internet, http // silmaril.smeal.psu.edu / misc / supply_chain_intro.html
George R. Clarke, R, Shah. et al. (2010). The profile and productivity of Zambian businesses: An Analysis of Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Zambia Business Survey.
Goh, M.(2002).Issues Facing Asian SMEs And Their Supply Chains. Asian Cases on Supply Chain Management for SMEs. Asian Productivity Organization
Gopal, P., & Thakkar, J. (2012). A review on supply chain performance measures International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 61. 518-547. 10.1108/17410401211232957.
Goto, M & Negash, F., A., (2016)The Effect of Microfinance Institutions in Growth and Development of Small Businesses. Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Paper.
Hamel, Gregory. (n.d.). Benefits of Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI). Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-continuous-quality-improvement-cqi-40534.html
Hill, T. (2000). Manufacturing Strategy: Text and Cases. 3rd ed. Boston Irwin, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
Improving the Competitiveness of SMEs in Developing Countries the Role of Finance to Enhance Enterprise Development. (2011). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), n.d. SMEs Role in India's Manufacturing Sector. www.ibef.org
International Finance Corporation, (2017). MSME Finance Gap Assessment of the Shortfalls And Opportunities In Financing Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises In Emerging Markets. 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 www.ifc.org
ISBN: 978-0-620-71797-7
Israel,G., D. 1992. Sampling the Evidence of Extension Program Impact. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development, IFAS, University of Florida. PEOD-5.
Jongwe, B., D. (2015). An investigation into the impact of inventory management strategies on performance of SMEs in the manufacturing sector of Matebele land Central as from 2008 to 2013. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5.
Kalito, A. (2018, October 25). SMEs struggling due to poor corporate governance. News Diggers. Retrieved from https://diggers.news/business/2018/10/25/smes-struggling-due-to-poor-corporate-governance-mwanakatwe/
Katunzi, T., M. & Zheng, Q. (2010) Tanzanian SMEs' Perceptions Towards Adoption of Supply Chain Management (SCM) Strategy. International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 5, No. 10
Kidd, A. (2005).The Definition of Procurement. CIPS Australia Pty Ltd, Australia
Klemencic, E. (2006), Management of Supply Chain-Case of Danfoss District Heating Business Area, Faculty of Economics, Ljubljana University, February 2006.
Kokemuller, N. (2011, August 27). Disadvantages of High Inventory Levels. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-high-inventory-levels-20400.html
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.). India: New age international (P) Limited Publishers.
Lambert, D., (2014). Supply Chain Management: Processes, Partnerships, Performance, in Supply Chain Management. 10.1007/978-3-8349-6515-8_29.
Lambert, D.M & Stock, J.R., (2001). Strategic Logistics Management, Fourth Edition, (New York, McGraw-Hill, 2001)
Lambert, D.M. & Cooper, M.C. (2000). Issues in Supply Chain Management. Industrial
Leseure, M., (2010). Key Concepts in Operations Management SAGE Publications Ltd
Loury-Okoumba, W., V & Mafini, C, (n.d). SME Owner-Manager Perceptions towards Supply Chain Management Practices and Performance in South Africa. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Institute of Management Scientists
Lu, D. (2011) Fundamentals of supply chain management. Bookboon.com
Lyson, K& Farrington, B (2006), Purchasing and Supply Chain Management 7th Edition, Financial times management. Marketing Management, Vol. 29, pp. 65-83
Mbuta, S, W. (2007). Small and medium enterprises survey 2003- 2004. Lusaka: Ministry of Commerce, Trade and industry.
Moenga, O (2016). Supply Chain Management Practices and Challenges for the SMEs in Kenya, a Case Study of the SMEs in the Tea Industry in Kenya. Science Journal of Business and Management 2016; 4(3): 82-89
Mosbah, A. (2014). Development of Algerian SMEs In The Age Of Globalization. Journal of Business and Social Development. 02. 37-48.
Muriithi, S. (2017). African Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Contributions, Challenges and Solutions. International Journal of Research & Reflection in Management Science. 5. 13.
Musa, S., N., (2012). Supply Chain Risk Management: Identification, Evaluation and Mitigation Techniques. Linköping Studies in Science and Technology, Dissertations, No. 1459
Nurrachmi.R. Samad, K & Foughali. I. (2012). The Development of SMEs in Turkey
Nuwagaba, A (2011). Enterprises (SMEs) in Zambia. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management VOL. 4, NO. 4, September 2015 ISSN 2307-2466
On The Frontier Group, (2005). Improving Competitiveness and Increasing Economic Growth in Tanzania: The Role of Information and Communication Technologies. Information for Development Program
Palys, T. (2008). Purposive sampling (2). Retrieved from The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. (Vol.2). website: https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/Purposive%20sampling.pdf
Porter, M. E. (1995), "˜The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City', Harvard Business Review, May-June, 55-71.
Quarteya, P. el at, (2017). Financing the Growth of SMEs in Africa: What are the Constraints to SME Financing within ECOWAS? Review of Development Finance. Science Direct.
Rheeder, K. (2017). Operations Performance-Costs, Speed, Flexibility, Quality and Dependability - Transformation to Organizational Excellence
Roberts, Stacey. (n.d.). The Advantages of the Supply Chain Management for Small Companies. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-supply-chain-management-small-companies-20595.html
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A., 2009. Research Methods for Business Students 5th ed., Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.
Sayed, Z & Sunjika, B., P. (2016) Investigating and Evaluating the Influence of Supply Chain Structure on Supply Chain Risk. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering Vol 27(3)
Sayo, A. (2001). Asian Cases on Supply Chain Management for SMEs. Orient Multifoods Manufacturing Corporation. Asian Productivity Organization
Shahnorbanun, S., Masoomeh, Z & Muriati, M. (2019). Quality Management in Small and Medium Enterprises: Experiences from a developing country. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 13.
Slack, N., Chambers, S., & Johnston, R. (2007). Operations management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Slack, N. & Lewis, M. (2002) Operations Strategy, Harlow: Pearson Education
Slack, N., Chambers, S. & Johnston R. (2003) Operations Management (4th Edition), Harlow: Pearson Education.
Staff Writer DHL. (2017, September 14). Supply chain management: How SMEs can succeed in Africa. Africa Business Insights Delivered by DHL.
Stonkute, E. (2015). A Literature Review on the Linkage between Supply Chain Challenges and Key Success Factors for Small and Medium Size Enterprises. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research. 74. 121-138. 10.7220/MOSR.2335.8750.2015.74.8.
Storey, J. et al. (2006) "Supply Chain Management: Theory Practice and Future Challenges", International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 26, No. 7
Suri, H, 2011, 'Purposeful Sampling in Qualitative Research Synthesis', Qualitative Research Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, the University Of Melbourne.
Tanco, M & Jurburg, D (2012).Assessment of SME Supply Chain Management Best Practices: A survey in Uruguay.POMS 23rd Annual Conference Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Thakkar, Jitesh, Arun Kanda, and S.G. Deshmukh. 2008. "Supply chain management in SMEs: development of constructs and propositions", Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(1): 97-131.
Thamas, W., H., (1989). South Africa's Growing Black Market. Challenges for the 1990s. Speech at the Spotlight on the Black Market Conference, Sponsored by the Small Business Development Centre in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), (2009). What do We Really Mean by Supply Chain Management? Supply Chain Quarterly
The Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry (2008). The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development Policy
The Office of Advocacy and Small Business (2017). Frequently Asked Questions about SMEs. US Small Business Administration
The Office of the United States Trade Representative. Small Business [Web log post]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ustr.gov/issue-areas/small-business
Towers, N., Ashford, Ruth. (2001). The Supply Chain Management Of Production Planning And Sustainable Customer Relationships. Management Research News. 24. 10.1108/01409170110782423.University.Vol. 26, No. 7
Turyahikayo, E. (2015). 21 Challenges Faced by Small and Medium Enterprises in Raising Finance in Uganda.
Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C., Leong, G.K., (2012). Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach. Cengage Learning
World Bank (2013) Zambia's job challenges, realities on the ground, Zambia economic brief, the international bank for reconstruction and development
Yamane, Taro. 1967. Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row
Zambia Business Survey, (2010).An Analysis of Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. World Bank.
Zia, B (2008). Export incentives, financial constraints, and the (MIS) allocation of credit: micro-level evidence from subsidized export loans. J. finance. econ., 87: 498-527.
Zigiariis, S. (2000). Dissemination of Innovation and Knowledge Management Techniques. Supply Chain Management Report produced for the EC funded project.
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2021-01-19
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Demberere, J., & Kasongo, R. M. (2021). THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON MANUFACTURING MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSME) IN LUSAKA: A CASE OF MANDEVU AND KALINGALINGA MARKETS. Global Journal of Purchasing and Procurement Management, 1(1), 1 – 21. https://doi.org/10.47604/gjppm.1198
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Copyright (c) 2021 Jeffrina Demberere, Richard Mwale Kasongo, Dr.
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