TEENAGE PREGNANCIES AND GIRLS EDUCATION CAPABILITIES IN NZAMBANI WARD KITUI COUNTY IN KENYA: SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE
Keywords:
Teenage pregnancy, education capabilities, causes, impacts, supportAbstract
Purpose: This research was carried out in Nzambani sub-county, Kitui County in Kenya. It aimed to find out causes and extent of teenage pregnancies in Nzambani, the impacts of teenage pregnancies on girls' education capabilities and the current support offered to affected girls in and out of school, and proposals for future support for affected girls in getting their education capabilities.
Methodology: An exploratory case study design was used, and key research methods used were reviewing literature, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. Ethical clearance was sought from the University College of London, Institute of Education and NACOSTI Kenya. Through snowballing sampling six key informants and three focus group discussions were carried out. Data analysis focused on the thematic areas drawn from the three research questions.
Findings: Teenage pregnancy was found to be a common phenomenon in Nzambani, with poverty reported as a major contributor. Other causes of teenage pregnancy were parental negligence, drug abuse, rape and moral decay, peer pressure facilitated by technology, psychological problems and low education levels among parents. The impact of teenage pregnancies and parenting on girls' education capabilities was found to be school dropout more concentrated among form ones and twos, and deteriorating school performance. The current support offered to affected girls included guidance and counseling; financial, moral and child care by parents especially mothers; and health and nursing care during national exams.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This research recommends rigorous community sensitization on importance of educating pregnant and parenting teenage mothers', financial and moral support for affected girls especially those in lower secondary since there was low support for their school resumption.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Alanen, L. (2015). Are we all constructionists now? Childhood. 22(2), 149-153.
ArslantaÅŸ, H.D. (2016). Individual and Social Function of Education in View of the Changing Face of Human Nature and Society. Journal of Education and Training Studies. 4(1), 49-54.
Banks, S. (2012). Ethics in Becker, et al. (Eds). Understanding Research for Social Policy and Social Work: Themes, Methods, and Approaches, edited by Saul Becker, et al. Policy Press, 2012.
Becker, S. and Bryman, A. (2012). Conducting a literature review in Becker, et al. (eds). Understanding Research for Social Policy and Social Work: Themes, Methods and Approaches, edited by Saul Becker, et al. Policy Press, 2012
Brosh, J., Weigel, D., and Evans, W. (2007). Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents' Perception of Sources and Supports in Relation to Educational Goals. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal. 24, 565-578.
Macleod, C.I., (1999). The "˜Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy. Review of South African Research. 29(1), 8-16
Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A.V. and Michaud, P.A. (2013). WHO Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes among Adolescents in Developing Countries. Journal of Adolescent Health. 52, 517-522.
Cin, F.M. and Walker, M. (2016). Reconsidering girls' education in Turkey from a capabilities and feminist perspective. International Journal of Educational Development. 49, 134-143.
Crotty, M. (1998). The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd.
David A. and Clark, A.D. (2005). The Capability Approach: Its Development, Critiques and Recent Advances. Global Poverty Research Group. Retried from http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-032.pdf
Duflo, E., Dupas, P., and Kremer, M. (2015). Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya. American Economic Review. 105(9), 2757-2797.
Fergusson, D.M. and Woodward, L.J. (2000). Teenage Pregnancy and Female Educational Underachievement: A Prospective Study of a New Zealand Birth Cohort. Journal of Marriage and Family. 62(1), 147-161.
Galletta, A. and Cross, W, E. (2013). Mastering the Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond. New York: NYU Press
Gilbert, N. (2001). Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies. Social Research Update. 33. Retrieved from http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.html
GoK, (2007). Kenya Vison 2030- The Popular Version. Retrieved from www.vision2030.go.ke/lib.php?f=vision-2030-popular-version\
Gyan, C. (2013). The Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on the Educational Attainment of Girls at Chorkor, a Suburb of Accra. Journal of Educational and Social Research. 3(3), 53-60.
Ikamari, L., Izugbara, C. and Rhoune, O. R. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 13(69), 1471-2393.
Jenny Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative Research-Introducing focus groups. British medical journal. 311, 299-302.
Kasee, S. (2018, June 9). Kilungu school girl names 21 men who raped her. Kitui Online News. Retrieved from https://www.kituionline.com/2018/06/09/kilungu-school-girl-names-21-men-who-raped-her/
Kathryn, A.S., Brisolara, S., Seigart, D., Tischler, C. and Whitmore, E. (2002). Exploring Feminist Evaluation: The Ground from Which We Rise. Directions for Evaluation, 96, Winter 2002. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KDHS. (2014). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Nairobi, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics; 2015. Retrieved from https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr308/fr308.pdf
KNBS and SID. (2013). Exploring Kenya's Inequality Kitui County-Pulling Apart of Pooling Together. Ascent Limited. Retrieved from http://inequalities.sidint.net/kenya/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/10/SID%20Abridged%20Small%20Version%20Final%20Download%20Report.pdf
Kumar, M., Huang, K.Y., Othieno, C., Wamalwa, D., Madeghe, B., Osok, J., Kahonge, S.N., Nato, J. and McKay, M.M. (2017). Adolescent Pregnancy and Challenges in Kenyan Context: Perspectives from Multiple Community Stakeholders. Global Social Welfare. 5(1), 11-27.
Levine, D. I., and Painter, G., (2003). The schooling Cost of Teenage Out- of- Wedlock Childbearing: Analysis with a Within- School-Prosperity Score Matching Estimator. Review of Economics and Statistics. 85(4), 884-900.
Mackatiani, C., Imbovah, M., Imbova, I. and Gakungai, D.K. (2016). Development of Education in Kenya: Influence of the Political Factor Beyond 2015 MDGS. Journal of Education and Practice. 7(11), 55-60.
Mensch, B.S., Clark, W.H., Lloyd, C.B. and Erulkar, A.S. (2001). Premarital Sex, School Girl Pregnancy and School quality in Rural Kenya. Studies in Family Planning. 32(4), 285-301.
Mikell, G, (1997). African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa. Project MUSE. Retrieved through University College London (UCL) (14 Mar 2018 14:03 GMT)
Ministry of Health, (n.d.). Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Kitui County Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.afidep.org/download/fact-sheets/ASRH-Kitui-CountyF.pdf
Miriti, J. (2017b). Sociocultural Norms among Kenyan Pastoralists: Impact on Girls Access to Education Capabilities. A final paper presented to UCL Institute of Education for the Gender, Education and Development Module.
MoE. (2014). 2014 Basic Education Statistical Booklet. Retrieved from https://www.kicd.ac.ke/images/ICT/2014BasicEducationStatisticalBooklet.pdf
Mumah, J., Izugbara, C. and Mukiira, C. (2014). Coping with unintended pregnancies: Narratives from adolescents in Nairobi's slums, STEP UP Research Report. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262637220
Mutanana, N. and Mutara, G. (2015). Factors Contributing to Teenage Pregnancies in a Rural Community of Zimbabwe. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 5(14), 29-34.
Mutua, K. (2018, June 6). Kitui principal charged with raping student: The Daily Nation E-News. Retrieved from https://www.nation.co.ke/counties/kitui/Kitui-principal-charged-with-raping-student-/3444936-4598716-4flpnw/index.html
NCPD. (2017). 2015 Kenya National Adolescent and Youth Survey, Kitui County. Retrieved from http://www.ncpd.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Kitui-County-Adolescents-and-Youth-Survey-NAYS.pdf
NCPD. (2017). 2015 National Adolescent and Youth Survey, Preliminary Report. Retrieved from www.ncpd.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2015-National-Adolescents-and-Youth-Survey-Preliminary-Report.pdf
Ngum, M. C., Liamputtong, P. and Mcmichael, C. (2015). Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. BMC Public Health. 15(873), 1-12.
Njeru, F.M. and Achoka, J. S. (2012). De-Stigmatizing Teenage Motherhood: Towards Achievement of Universal Basic Education in Kenya. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies. 3(6), 887-892.
O'Donoghue, T. (2006). Planning Your Qualitative Research Project: An Introduction to Interpretivist Research in Education. Routledge Ltd. Retrieved through UCL library at https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780203967720
Ogori, A.F., Ajeya, S. F. and Yunusa, A.R. (2013). The Cause and Effect of Teenage Pregnancy: Case of Kontagora Local Government Area in Niger State, Northern Part of Nigeria. International Open Journal of Educational Research. 1(7), 1-15.
Okigho, C.C., and Speizer, I.S. (2015). Determinants of Sexual Activity and Pregnancy among Unmarried Young Women in Urban Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE. 10(6), 1-17.
Omolewa, M. (2007). Traditional African Modes of Education: Their Relevance in the Modern World. International Review of Education. 53, 593-612.
Omoro, T., Gray, S.C., Otieno, G., Mbeda, C., Phillips-Howard, P.A., Hayes, T., Otieno, F. and Gust, D.A. (2017). Teen pregnancy in rural western Kenya: a public health issue. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 23(4), 399-408.
Omwancha, K.M. (2012). The implementation of an educational re-entry policy for girls after teenage pregnancy: A case study of public secondary schools in the Kuria District, Kenya. A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education
Oruko, O. M. (2018). Kitui pastor on spot for sleeping with and impregnating a 16-year-old girl. Tuko Online News. Retrieved from https://www.tuko.co.ke/279578-kitui-pastor-spot-sleeping-impregnating-a-16-year-girl.html#279578
PAI. (nd). Population Dynamics, Environment, and Sustainable Development in Kitui County. Retrieved from https://pai.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PAI_Kitui.pdf
Patton, M.Q. (2005). "Purposeful Sampling" in Mathison, S (ed) Encyclopaedia of Evaluation. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Psaki, S. (2016). Addressing child marriage and adolescent pregnancy as barriers to gender parity and equality in education. Prospects. 46, 109-129.
Robeyns, I. (2003). The Capability Approach: An Interdisciplinary Introduction. University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/24995_105422.pdf
Robeyns, I. (2005). The Capability Approach: a theoretical survey. Journal of Human Development. 6(1), 93-117.
Robeyns, I. (2006). Three models of education: rights, capabilities and human capital. Theory and Research in Education. 4 (1), 69-84.
Samuel, P.M. (2017). Insecurity and the Challenge of Quality Education: Some Gender Issues in Isiolo County of Kenya. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Education, Gender and International Development IOE, University College of London
Sen, A.K. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shefer, T., Bhana, D. and Morrell, R. (2013). Teenage pregnancy and parenting at school in contemporary South African contexts: Deconstructing school narratives and understanding policy implementation. Perspectives in Education. 31(1), 1-13.
Simons, H., (2014). Case Study Research: In-Depth Understanding in Context. Oxford Handbooks Online.
STEP-UP, (2016). Case Study-Kenya: Helping adolescent mothers remain in school through strengthened implementation of school re-entry policies. Retrieved from https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2016STEPUP_AdolMothersKenya.pdf
Stoebenau, K., Warner, A., Edmeades, J.D. and Sexton, M. (2015). "Girls are like leaves on the wind" How gender expectations impact girls' education- A closer look from West Nile, Uganda. Washington: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
Taffa, N., Omollo, D. and Matthews, Z. (2003). Teenage pregnancy experiences in rural Kenya. International journal of adolescent medicine and health. 15(4), 331-40.
Timæus, I. M. and Moultrie, T. A. (2015). Teenage Childbearing and Educational Attainment in South Africa. Studies in Family Planning. 46 (2), 143-160.
UN. (2015). Universal Declaration of Human Rights Retrieved from www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf
UNESCO. (2017). Early and Unintended Pregnancy & the Education Sector Evidence: Review and Recommendations. Paris, UNESCO.
UNFPA. (2013). Adolescent Pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence. New York, UNFPA
UNFPA. (2015). Girlhood, Not Motherhood: Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy. New York: UNFPA. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Girlhood_not_motherhood_final_web.pdf
UNFPA. (2018). Adolescent pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/adolescent-pregnancy. Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
UNFPA. (2018). Adolescents and Youth Dashboard. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/data/dashboard/adolescent-youth . Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
UNFPA. (2018). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sdg. Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
UNFPA, (2018). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sdg
UNICEF. (2008). Fact Sheet-World Population Day, 11 JULY 2008. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/malaysia/Teenage_Pregnancies_-_Overview.pdsf
UNICEF/UNESCO. (2007). A Human Rights-Based Approach to Education for All. New York: UNICEF/ UNESCO.
Unterhalter, E. (2013). Connecting the private and the public: Pregnancy, exclusion and the expansion of schooling in Africa. Gender and Education. 25(1), 75-90.
Unterhalter, E., Vaughan, R. and Walker, M. (2007). The Capability Approach and Education. Retrieved from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/educationresearchprojects/documents/developmentdiscourses/rpg2008walkermclean9.pdf
Vaughan, R. (2007). 'Measuring Capabilities: An Example from Girls' Schooling', in Unterhalter, E. and Walker, M. (eds), Sen's Capability Approach and Social Justice in Education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Walker, M. and Unterhalter, E. (2007). Amartya Sen`s Capability Approach and Social Justice in Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wallace, P. (2012). "Case Study Research in Feminism" in Mills et al (eds) Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Warrington, M. and Kiragu, S. (2012). "˜"˜It makes more sense to educate a boy'': Girls "˜against the odds' in Kajiado, Kenya. International Journal of Educational Development. 32, 301-309.
Wekesa, V. (2014). Re-Admission Policy and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Performance in Bungoma North Sub-County, Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. 3 (7), 436- 441.
WERK. (2018). Programmes-GEC Wasichana Wote Wasome. Retrieved from http://www.werk.co.ke/gec.html
World Bank. (2018). Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.ADO.TFRT?locations=KE&type=shaded&view=map
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research- Design and Methods Fourth Edition. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.
ArslantaÅŸ, H.D. (2016). Individual and Social Function of Education in View of the Changing Face of Human Nature and Society. Journal of Education and Training Studies. 4(1), 49-54.
Banks, S. (2012). Ethics in Becker, et al. (Eds). Understanding Research for Social Policy and Social Work: Themes, Methods, and Approaches, edited by Saul Becker, et al. Policy Press, 2012.
Becker, S. and Bryman, A. (2012). Conducting a literature review in Becker, et al. (eds). Understanding Research for Social Policy and Social Work: Themes, Methods and Approaches, edited by Saul Becker, et al. Policy Press, 2012
Brosh, J., Weigel, D., and Evans, W. (2007). Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents' Perception of Sources and Supports in Relation to Educational Goals. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal. 24, 565-578.
Macleod, C.I., (1999). The "˜Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy. Review of South African Research. 29(1), 8-16
Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A.V. and Michaud, P.A. (2013). WHO Guidelines on Preventing Early Pregnancy and Poor Reproductive Outcomes among Adolescents in Developing Countries. Journal of Adolescent Health. 52, 517-522.
Cin, F.M. and Walker, M. (2016). Reconsidering girls' education in Turkey from a capabilities and feminist perspective. International Journal of Educational Development. 49, 134-143.
Crotty, M. (1998). The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd.
David A. and Clark, A.D. (2005). The Capability Approach: Its Development, Critiques and Recent Advances. Global Poverty Research Group. Retried from http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-032.pdf
Duflo, E., Dupas, P., and Kremer, M. (2015). Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya. American Economic Review. 105(9), 2757-2797.
Fergusson, D.M. and Woodward, L.J. (2000). Teenage Pregnancy and Female Educational Underachievement: A Prospective Study of a New Zealand Birth Cohort. Journal of Marriage and Family. 62(1), 147-161.
Galletta, A. and Cross, W, E. (2013). Mastering the Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond. New York: NYU Press
Gilbert, N. (2001). Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies. Social Research Update. 33. Retrieved from http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.html
GoK, (2007). Kenya Vison 2030- The Popular Version. Retrieved from www.vision2030.go.ke/lib.php?f=vision-2030-popular-version\
Gyan, C. (2013). The Effects of Teenage Pregnancy on the Educational Attainment of Girls at Chorkor, a Suburb of Accra. Journal of Educational and Social Research. 3(3), 53-60.
Ikamari, L., Izugbara, C. and Rhoune, O. R. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 13(69), 1471-2393.
Jenny Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative Research-Introducing focus groups. British medical journal. 311, 299-302.
Kasee, S. (2018, June 9). Kilungu school girl names 21 men who raped her. Kitui Online News. Retrieved from https://www.kituionline.com/2018/06/09/kilungu-school-girl-names-21-men-who-raped-her/
Kathryn, A.S., Brisolara, S., Seigart, D., Tischler, C. and Whitmore, E. (2002). Exploring Feminist Evaluation: The Ground from Which We Rise. Directions for Evaluation, 96, Winter 2002. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KDHS. (2014). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Nairobi, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics; 2015. Retrieved from https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr308/fr308.pdf
KNBS and SID. (2013). Exploring Kenya's Inequality Kitui County-Pulling Apart of Pooling Together. Ascent Limited. Retrieved from http://inequalities.sidint.net/kenya/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/10/SID%20Abridged%20Small%20Version%20Final%20Download%20Report.pdf
Kumar, M., Huang, K.Y., Othieno, C., Wamalwa, D., Madeghe, B., Osok, J., Kahonge, S.N., Nato, J. and McKay, M.M. (2017). Adolescent Pregnancy and Challenges in Kenyan Context: Perspectives from Multiple Community Stakeholders. Global Social Welfare. 5(1), 11-27.
Levine, D. I., and Painter, G., (2003). The schooling Cost of Teenage Out- of- Wedlock Childbearing: Analysis with a Within- School-Prosperity Score Matching Estimator. Review of Economics and Statistics. 85(4), 884-900.
Mackatiani, C., Imbovah, M., Imbova, I. and Gakungai, D.K. (2016). Development of Education in Kenya: Influence of the Political Factor Beyond 2015 MDGS. Journal of Education and Practice. 7(11), 55-60.
Mensch, B.S., Clark, W.H., Lloyd, C.B. and Erulkar, A.S. (2001). Premarital Sex, School Girl Pregnancy and School quality in Rural Kenya. Studies in Family Planning. 32(4), 285-301.
Mikell, G, (1997). African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa. Project MUSE. Retrieved through University College London (UCL) (14 Mar 2018 14:03 GMT)
Ministry of Health, (n.d.). Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Kitui County Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.afidep.org/download/fact-sheets/ASRH-Kitui-CountyF.pdf
Miriti, J. (2017b). Sociocultural Norms among Kenyan Pastoralists: Impact on Girls Access to Education Capabilities. A final paper presented to UCL Institute of Education for the Gender, Education and Development Module.
MoE. (2014). 2014 Basic Education Statistical Booklet. Retrieved from https://www.kicd.ac.ke/images/ICT/2014BasicEducationStatisticalBooklet.pdf
Mumah, J., Izugbara, C. and Mukiira, C. (2014). Coping with unintended pregnancies: Narratives from adolescents in Nairobi's slums, STEP UP Research Report. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262637220
Mutanana, N. and Mutara, G. (2015). Factors Contributing to Teenage Pregnancies in a Rural Community of Zimbabwe. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 5(14), 29-34.
Mutua, K. (2018, June 6). Kitui principal charged with raping student: The Daily Nation E-News. Retrieved from https://www.nation.co.ke/counties/kitui/Kitui-principal-charged-with-raping-student-/3444936-4598716-4flpnw/index.html
NCPD. (2017). 2015 Kenya National Adolescent and Youth Survey, Kitui County. Retrieved from http://www.ncpd.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Kitui-County-Adolescents-and-Youth-Survey-NAYS.pdf
NCPD. (2017). 2015 National Adolescent and Youth Survey, Preliminary Report. Retrieved from www.ncpd.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2015-National-Adolescents-and-Youth-Survey-Preliminary-Report.pdf
Ngum, M. C., Liamputtong, P. and Mcmichael, C. (2015). Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. BMC Public Health. 15(873), 1-12.
Njeru, F.M. and Achoka, J. S. (2012). De-Stigmatizing Teenage Motherhood: Towards Achievement of Universal Basic Education in Kenya. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies. 3(6), 887-892.
O'Donoghue, T. (2006). Planning Your Qualitative Research Project: An Introduction to Interpretivist Research in Education. Routledge Ltd. Retrieved through UCL library at https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780203967720
Ogori, A.F., Ajeya, S. F. and Yunusa, A.R. (2013). The Cause and Effect of Teenage Pregnancy: Case of Kontagora Local Government Area in Niger State, Northern Part of Nigeria. International Open Journal of Educational Research. 1(7), 1-15.
Okigho, C.C., and Speizer, I.S. (2015). Determinants of Sexual Activity and Pregnancy among Unmarried Young Women in Urban Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE. 10(6), 1-17.
Omolewa, M. (2007). Traditional African Modes of Education: Their Relevance in the Modern World. International Review of Education. 53, 593-612.
Omoro, T., Gray, S.C., Otieno, G., Mbeda, C., Phillips-Howard, P.A., Hayes, T., Otieno, F. and Gust, D.A. (2017). Teen pregnancy in rural western Kenya: a public health issue. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 23(4), 399-408.
Omwancha, K.M. (2012). The implementation of an educational re-entry policy for girls after teenage pregnancy: A case study of public secondary schools in the Kuria District, Kenya. A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education
Oruko, O. M. (2018). Kitui pastor on spot for sleeping with and impregnating a 16-year-old girl. Tuko Online News. Retrieved from https://www.tuko.co.ke/279578-kitui-pastor-spot-sleeping-impregnating-a-16-year-girl.html#279578
PAI. (nd). Population Dynamics, Environment, and Sustainable Development in Kitui County. Retrieved from https://pai.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PAI_Kitui.pdf
Patton, M.Q. (2005). "Purposeful Sampling" in Mathison, S (ed) Encyclopaedia of Evaluation. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Psaki, S. (2016). Addressing child marriage and adolescent pregnancy as barriers to gender parity and equality in education. Prospects. 46, 109-129.
Robeyns, I. (2003). The Capability Approach: An Interdisciplinary Introduction. University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/24995_105422.pdf
Robeyns, I. (2005). The Capability Approach: a theoretical survey. Journal of Human Development. 6(1), 93-117.
Robeyns, I. (2006). Three models of education: rights, capabilities and human capital. Theory and Research in Education. 4 (1), 69-84.
Samuel, P.M. (2017). Insecurity and the Challenge of Quality Education: Some Gender Issues in Isiolo County of Kenya. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Education, Gender and International Development IOE, University College of London
Sen, A.K. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shefer, T., Bhana, D. and Morrell, R. (2013). Teenage pregnancy and parenting at school in contemporary South African contexts: Deconstructing school narratives and understanding policy implementation. Perspectives in Education. 31(1), 1-13.
Simons, H., (2014). Case Study Research: In-Depth Understanding in Context. Oxford Handbooks Online.
STEP-UP, (2016). Case Study-Kenya: Helping adolescent mothers remain in school through strengthened implementation of school re-entry policies. Retrieved from https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2016STEPUP_AdolMothersKenya.pdf
Stoebenau, K., Warner, A., Edmeades, J.D. and Sexton, M. (2015). "Girls are like leaves on the wind" How gender expectations impact girls' education- A closer look from West Nile, Uganda. Washington: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
Taffa, N., Omollo, D. and Matthews, Z. (2003). Teenage pregnancy experiences in rural Kenya. International journal of adolescent medicine and health. 15(4), 331-40.
Timæus, I. M. and Moultrie, T. A. (2015). Teenage Childbearing and Educational Attainment in South Africa. Studies in Family Planning. 46 (2), 143-160.
UN. (2015). Universal Declaration of Human Rights Retrieved from www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf
UNESCO. (2017). Early and Unintended Pregnancy & the Education Sector Evidence: Review and Recommendations. Paris, UNESCO.
UNFPA. (2013). Adolescent Pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence. New York, UNFPA
UNFPA. (2015). Girlhood, Not Motherhood: Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy. New York: UNFPA. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Girlhood_not_motherhood_final_web.pdf
UNFPA. (2018). Adolescent pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/adolescent-pregnancy. Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
UNFPA. (2018). Adolescents and Youth Dashboard. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/data/dashboard/adolescent-youth . Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
UNFPA. (2018). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sdg. Last accessed on 10th March 2018.
UNFPA, (2018). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.unfpa.org/sdg
UNICEF. (2008). Fact Sheet-World Population Day, 11 JULY 2008. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/malaysia/Teenage_Pregnancies_-_Overview.pdsf
UNICEF/UNESCO. (2007). A Human Rights-Based Approach to Education for All. New York: UNICEF/ UNESCO.
Unterhalter, E. (2013). Connecting the private and the public: Pregnancy, exclusion and the expansion of schooling in Africa. Gender and Education. 25(1), 75-90.
Unterhalter, E., Vaughan, R. and Walker, M. (2007). The Capability Approach and Education. Retrieved from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/educationresearchprojects/documents/developmentdiscourses/rpg2008walkermclean9.pdf
Vaughan, R. (2007). 'Measuring Capabilities: An Example from Girls' Schooling', in Unterhalter, E. and Walker, M. (eds), Sen's Capability Approach and Social Justice in Education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Walker, M. and Unterhalter, E. (2007). Amartya Sen`s Capability Approach and Social Justice in Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wallace, P. (2012). "Case Study Research in Feminism" in Mills et al (eds) Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Warrington, M. and Kiragu, S. (2012). "˜"˜It makes more sense to educate a boy'': Girls "˜against the odds' in Kajiado, Kenya. International Journal of Educational Development. 32, 301-309.
Wekesa, V. (2014). Re-Admission Policy and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Performance in Bungoma North Sub-County, Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. 3 (7), 436- 441.
WERK. (2018). Programmes-GEC Wasichana Wote Wasome. Retrieved from http://www.werk.co.ke/gec.html
World Bank. (2018). Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.ADO.TFRT?locations=KE&type=shaded&view=map
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research- Design and Methods Fourth Edition. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Downloads
Published
2019-07-12
How to Cite
Miriti, J. M., & Mutua, M. N. (2019). TEENAGE PREGNANCIES AND GIRLS EDUCATION CAPABILITIES IN NZAMBANI WARD KITUI COUNTY IN KENYA: SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE. International Journal of Gender Studies, 4(1), 59 – 84. Retrieved from https://iprjb.org/journals/index.php/IJGS/article/view/940
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
