Leveraging Blockchain Technology to Create a More Resilient Supply Chain for Energy Industry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/ijscm.1755Keywords:
Blockchain; Technology, Supply Chain; Resilient, Trust, Smart Contract, Energy, Oil, Gas, IndustryAbstract
Purpose: Blockchain is an evolving technology that has attracted considerable attention over the past few years from emerging businesses, energy supply enterprises, technology developers, financial institutions, government agencies, and academic institutions. Many references from these contexts describe blockchain as being capable of delivering substantial benefits and creativity. This paper aims to investigate the way in which blockchain technology is likely to influence future supply chain practices in energy sector.
Methodology: A systematic review of both academic and nonacademic literature was conducted to gain a deep insight on the possibilities of leveraging the blockchain technology to create a more resilient supply chain for oil & gas industry. Toward this goal, the theoretical foundations of numerous research papers published in high-profile scientific journals over the past few years, along with several reports generated by well reputable and prestigious consulting firms that have been used to outlook the potential and relevance of blockchain technology for energy industry applications.
Results: Blockchain can bring many opportunities to the oil & gas industry, such as reducing transaction costs and improving transparency and efficiency. However, since it is still in the early stage of the application, there are still many challenges, primarily technological, regulatory and system transformation. The development of blockchains in the oil & gas industry will move toward hybrid blockchain architecture, multi-technology combination, cross-chain, hybrid consensus mechanisms, and more interdisciplinary professionals.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This paper offers valuable insight for supply chain practitioners into how blockchain technology has the potential to disrupt existing supply chain provisions as well as a number of challenges to its successful spreading. To the best of the author's knowledge, this paper is one of the first studies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to explore the possibility of leveraging the blockchain technology to create a more resilient supply chain for oil & gas industry. Blockchain is a promising breakthrough technology and is highly applicable to vast businesses. However, it is still hard to find empirical evidence to show the comparison between blockchain approaches and traditional approaches. In view of this, businesses should realize that blockchain technology has not yet reached an optimal level of maturity, and therefore thorough feasibility studies should be conducted before using this technology.
Downloads
References
Abeyratne, S., & Monfared, R. (2016, September). Blockchain ready manufacturing supply chain using distributed ledger. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Abra.com. (2018). How long does a transaction take? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Abra: https://support.abra.com
Accenture. (2018). The blockchain benefit. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Accenture: https://www.accenture.com
Adner, R., & Kapoor, R. (2015, January). Innovation ecosystems and the pace of substitution: Re"examining technology S"curves. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Wiley Online Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Agrawal, T. K., Sharma, A., & Kumar, V. (2018, May 17). Blockchain-based secured traceability system for textile and clothing supply chain. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Springer: https://link.springer.com
Alexander, J. (2018, December 11). Investigation of the potential of blockchain technology to create traceability and transparency along a raw material value chain. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from Aalto University Learning Centre: https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/35472?locale-attribute=en
Andersen, M., & Skjoett"Larsen, T. (2009, March 13). Corporate social responsibility in global supply chains. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com
Andoni, M., Robu, V., & Flynn, D. (2017, August 10). Crypto-control your own energy supply. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from Nature: https://www.nature.com
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Abram, S., Geach, D., Jenkins, D., . . . Peacock, A. (2019). Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143-174.
Anjum, A., Sporny, M., & Sill, A. (2017, October 12). Blockchain Standards for Compliance and Trust. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8066010
Antonopoulos, A. (2014). Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Atlam, H., & Wills, G. (2018, December). Technical aspects of blockchainand IoT. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Awwad, M. A., Reddy, S., Airpulli, V. K., Zambre, M. S., Marathe, A., & Jain, P. (2018, September). Blockchain technology for efficient management of supply chain. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Back, A., Corallo, M., Dashjr, L., Friedenbach, M., Maxwell, G., Miller, A., . . . Wuille, P. (2014, 10 22). Enabling Blockchain Innovations with Pegged Sidechains. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from blockstream: https://blockstream.com/sidechains.pdf
Badzar, A. (2016). Blockchain for securing sustainable transport contracts and supply chain transparency. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Semantic Scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org
Barlyn, S. (2017, June 15). AIG teams with IBM to use blockchain for 'smart' insurance policy. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com
Bashir, I. (2017). Mastering Blockchain. Birmingham: Packt Publishing Ltd.
Baskerville, R., Baiyere, Abayomi, Gregor, S., Hevner, A., & Rossi, M. (2018, May). Design science research contributions: ï¬nding a balance between artifact and theory. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Bee Finance Network. (2018, September 29). What do you know about the top ten blockchain landing scenarios and applications in the world? Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Bee Finance Network: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/
Berge, E. (2018). The Role of Blockchain in Commodity Trading. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from University of Stavanger: https://uis.brage.unit.no/uis-xmlui/handle/11250/2563235
Berger, E., & Nakata, C. (2013, November). Implementing technologies for ï¬nancial service innovations in base of the pyramid markets. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Bocek, T., Rodrigues, B. B., Strasser, T., & Stiller, B. (2017, July 24). Blockchains everywhere - a use-case of blockchains in the pharma supply chain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Bonino, D., & Vergori, P. (2017, September 11). Agent marketplaces and deep learning in enterprises: the composition project. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Boucher, P., Nascimento, S., & Kritikos, M. (2017). How blockchain technology could change our lives', European parliamentary research service. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Europarl: https://www.europarl.europa.eu
Bowman, R. J. (2018, February 12). Introducing a cryptocurrency for the food supply chain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Supply Chain Brain: https://www.supplychainbrain.com
BP. (2019). BP Energy Outlook,. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from https://www.bp.com/
Brown, S. L., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1997, March). The Art of Continuous Change: Linking Complexity Theory and Time-Paced Evolution in Relentlessly Shifting Organizations. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from JSTOR: https://www.jstor.org
Brunekreef, H., & Prounader, M. (2018, October). Supply chain big data series - Part 4. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from KPMG.com: https://assets.kpmg/
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Burger, C., Kuhlman, A., Weinmann, J., & Richard, P. (2016, November 1). Blockchain in the energy transition a survey among decision-makers in the German energy industry. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from Researchgate Web site: https://www.researchgate.net
Buterin, V. (2015). A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Blockchainlab: https://blockchainlab.com
Caniato, F., Gelsomino, L. M., Perego, A., & Ronchi, S. (2016, August 8). Does ï¬nance solve the supply chain ï¬nancing problem? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com/
Capaldo, A., & Giannoccaro, I. (2015, January). Interdependence and network-level trust in supply chain networks: a computational study. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Capron, L., & Mitchell, W. (2012, August 21). Build, Borrow, or Buy: Solving the Growth Dilemma. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Harvard Business Publishing: https://store.hbr.org/
Carter, C., Rogers, D., & Choi, T. Y. (2015, April). Toward the theory of the supply chain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Casey, M. J., & Wong, P. (2017, March 13). Global supply chains are about to get better, Thanks to blockchain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Harvard Business School Publishing: https://hbr.org/2017/03/global-supply-chains-are-about-to-get-better-thanks-to-blockchain
Casino, F., Dasaklis, T., & Patsakis, C. (2019, March). A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Chaum, D. L. (1982, May 22). Computer Systems Established, Maintained and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from https://www.chaum.com/
Chen, E. (2017). An Approach for Improving Transparency and Traceability of Industrial Supply Chain With Block-74. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Trepo: https://trepo.tuni.fi
Chen, L., Xu, L., Shah, N., & Gao, Z. (2017, October). On Security Analysis of Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET). Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Chia, S. (2017, July 11). Trust in the supply chain. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from PharmaTimes Media Limited: http://www.pharmatimes.com
China Academy of Information and Communication Technology and Trusted Blockchain Initiatives. (2018, December). Blockchain white paper. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from http://www.caict.ac.cn/english/research/whitepapers/202003/P020200327550628685790.pdf
Chiou, J.-S., Huang, C.-Y., & Chuang, M.-C. (2005, July). Antecedents of Taiwanese adolescent's purchase intention toward the merchandise of a celebrity: The moderating effect of celebrity adoration. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Christidis, K., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2016, January). Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Collomb, A., & Sok, K. (2016). Blockchain/Distributed ledger technology (DLT): what impact on the ï¬nancial sector? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Ebscohost: https://web.a.ebscohost.com/
Competition and Markets Authority. (2016). CMA Web site. Retrieved Septemeber 25, 2020, from Energy market investigation summary of final report: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Creydt, M., & Fischer, M. (2019, May). Blockchain and more - Algorithm driven food traceability. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Dai, P., Mahi, N., Earls, J., & Norta, A. (2017, March). Smart-Contract Value-Transfer Protocols on a Distributed Mobile Application Platform. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Damien, W. (2018, September 22). Komgo - Blockchain is getting real in commodity trading. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Shipping and Commodity Academy: https://shippingandcommodityacademy.com/
Delmolino, K., & Arnett, M. (2016, August 31). Step by Step Towards Creating a Safe Smart Contract: Lessons and Insights from a Cryptocurrency Lab. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Springer: https://link.springer.com
Deloitte. (2016). Blockchain applications in energy trading. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com
Deloitte. (2017, April). Blockchain: Overview of the potential applications for the oil and gas market and the related taxation implications. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com/
Deloitte. (2018). Global Blockchain Survey. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com/
Deloitte LLP. (2016). Blockchain application in banking. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Deloitte LLP: https://www2.deloitte.com
Dickson, B. (2016, November 25). Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the supply chain. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from TechCrunch: https://techcrunch.com
Dillard, J., Dujon, V., & King, M. C. (2008, July 1). Understanding the Social Dimension of Sustainability. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Taylor Francis: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/
Donnerer, D., & Lacassagne, S. (2018). Blockchain and energy transition What challenges for cities? Retrieved September 25, 2020, from Energy Cities: https://energy-cities.eu
Dorri, A., Roulin, C., Jurdak, R., & Kanhere, S. (2020, February 13). On the Activity Privacy of Blockchain for IoT. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Doz, Y. (2017, November 23). The Strategic Decisions That Caused Nokia's Failure. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from INSEAD: https://knowledge.insead.edu/
EIA. (2019, Septemer 24). International Energy Outlook 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from U.S. Energy Information Administration: https://www.eia.gov
Endemann, B. B., & Tejblum, B. L. (2018, February 1). Blockchain Energizer - Volume 21. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from The National Law Review: https://www.natlawreview.com
Engelenburg, S. v., Janssen, M., & Klievink, B. (2019, June). Design of software architecture supporting business-to- government information sharing to improve public safety and security. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Eriksson, D., & Svensson, G. (2015, August 10). Elements affecting social responsibility in supply chains. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com
Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. (2020). What is blockchain? Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC.: https://www.euromoney.com
European Communities. (2006). European SmartGrids Technology Platform: Vision and strategy for Europe's electricity networks of the future. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from European Communities Web site: https://ec.europa.eu
EY. (2017). Overview of Blockchain for Energy and Commodity Trading. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from EY: https://www.ey.com
EY. (2019, November). Global oil and gas transactions review 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from EY: https://assets.ey.com
Fairtrade.Org. (2018). Coffee farmers. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Fairtrade: www. fairtrade.org.uk/en/farmers-and-workers/coffee
Fawcett, S. E., .Jones, S. L., & Fawcett, A. M. (2012, March-April). Supply chain trust: the catalyst for collaborative innovation. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Fawcett, S. E., Osterhaus, Magnan, G. M., & Brau, J. C. (2017, August). Information sharing and supply chain performance: the role of connectivity and willingness. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Foerstl, K., Schleper, M. C., & Henke, M. (2017, September). Purchasing and supply management: from efï¬ciency to effectiveness in an integrated supply chain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Francisco, K., & Swanson, D. (2018, January 5). The supply chain has no clothes: Technology adoption of blockchain for supply chain transparency. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from MDPI: https://www.mdpi.com
Fraser, M., Anastaselos, T., & Ravikumar, G. (2018, December). The disruption in oil and gas upstream business by industry 4.0. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Infosys: https://www.infosys.com
Fry, A. (2018, September 13). Why the Future of Enterprise IT Will be a Mix of IoT, AI, Blockchain, Big Data, and More. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from AI & Big Data Expo: https://www.ai-expo.net
Fu, D., & Fang, L. (2016, May 11). Blockchain-based trusted computing in social network. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Gaehtgens, F., & Allan, A. (2017, May 31). Digital trust - Redeï¬ning trust for the digital era: a gartner trend insight report. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Gartner: https://www.gartner.com/
Galvez, J. F., Mejuto, J., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2018, October). Future challenges on the use of blockchain for food traceability analysis. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Ganeriwalla, A., Casey, M., Shrikrishna, P., Bender, J. P., & Gstettner, S. (2018, March 16). Does your supply chain need a blockchain? Retrieved October 30, 2020, from The Boston Consulting Group Inc.: https://www.bcg.com
Gartner. (2017, August 15). Gartner Identifies Three Megatrends That Will Drive Digital Business Into the Next Decade. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from Gartner Web site: https://www.gartner.com
Gateway Digital. (n.d.). Reinvent Digital Identities and Data Exchange Methods Via Blockchain. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Gateway Digital: https://gatewaydigital.fi/en/services/blockchain-development
Genaro Network Whitepaper. (2018, July 31). Genaro Network Whitepaper. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Whitepaper: https://whitepaper.io
Gendal. (2015, February 10). A Simple Model for Smart Contracts. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Gendal: https://gendal.me/2015/02/10/a-simple-model-for-smart-contracts/
Gervais, A., Karame, G., Wüst, K., Glykantzis, V., Ritzdorf, H., & Čapkun, S. (2016, October 24). On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ACM: https://dl.acm.org
Grewal-Carr, V., & Marchall, S. (2016). Blockchain enigma paradox opportunity. Retrieved Septemper 25, 2020, from Deloitte LLP Web site: https://www2.deloitte.com
Guo, Y., & Liang, C. (2016). Blockchain applicationand outlook in banking industry. Financial Innovation, 1-12.
Gupta, M. (2017). Blockchain for dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Haber, S., & Stornetta, W. (1991, January). How to time-stamp a digital document. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Springer Nature Switzerland AG: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00196791
Hall, J., Matos, S. V., & Martin, M. J. (2014, May - June). Innovation pathways at the base of the pyramid: establishing technological legitimacy through social attributes. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Handfield, R. B., & Bechtel, C. (2002, July). The role of trust and relationship structure in improving supply chain responsiveness. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Hari, A., & Lakshman, T. V. (2016, November). The Internet blockchain: A distributed, tamper-resistant transaction framework for the Internet. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ACM: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3005745.3005771
Harris, I., Wang, Y., & Wang, H. (2015, January). ICT in multimodal transport and technological trends: unleashing potential for the future. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
He, Q., Xu, Y., Liu, Z., He, J., Sun, Y., & Zhang, R. (2018). Trust and Privacy in Blockchain Enabled Internet of Things. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from SAGE: https://journals.sagepub.com/
Henderson, R., & Clark, K. (1990, March). Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Hill, J. A., Eckerd, S., Wilson, D., & Greer, B. (2009, August). The effect of unethical behavior on trust in a buyer-supplier relationship: the mediating role of psychological contract violation. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect.: https://www.sciencedirect.com
HM Government. (2015, September 26). Cutting the cost of keeping warm - a fuel poverty strategy for England. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Hoffman, A. (2018, September 19). These oil traders are trying to overhaul the industry with a blockchain venture. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Bloomberg: https://www.bloombergquint.com
Hofmann, E., Strewe, U. M., & Bosia, N. (2017). Supply Chain Finance and Blockchain Technology: The Case of Reverse Securitisation. Retrieved July 30, 2020, from Springer: https://www.springer.com
Hoy, M. B. (2017, July). An introduction to the blockchain and its implications for libraries and medicine. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Hughes, E. (2018, July). Unlocking Blockchain: Embracing New Technologies to Drive Efficiency and Empower the Citizen. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate GmbH: https://www.researchgate.net
Hull, R. (2017, June). Blockchain: distributed event-based processing in a Data-Centric world. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Hyndman, N., & McConville, D. (2018, February). Trust and accountability in UK charities: exploring the virtuous circle. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Iansiti, M., & Lakhani, K. R. (2017, January-February). The truth about blockchain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Harvard Business School Publishing: https://hbr.org
Iansiti, M., & MacCormack, A. (1997, September-October). Developing Products on Internet Time. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org
IBM. (2017a, March 5). Maersk and IBM unveil ï¬rst Industry-Wide Cross-Border supply chain solution on blockchain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IBM: https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/51712.wss
IBM. (2017b). IBM and hejia launch blockchain-based supply chain ï¬nancial services platform for pharmaceutical procurement. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IBM News Room: https://newsroom.ibm.com
IBM Newsroom. (2018, January 16). Maersk and IBM to form joint venture applying blockchain to improve global trade and digitise supply chains. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IBM: https://newsroom.ibm.com/
IBM. (n.d.). Top client success stories with IBM Blockchain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IBM Blockchain: https://www.ibm.com/blockchain/use-cases/success-stories/
IHS-Markit. (2018, March 1). Oil and gas, petchem industries trialing blockchain solutions. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IHS-Markit: https://cdn.ihs.com
Irvine, D. (2010, September). Distributed File System. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from MaidSafe: https://docs.maidsafe.net
Jagati, S. (2018, May 26). TrueChain: A Hybrid Consensus Public Blockchain. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from DeFiRepublic: https://defirepublic.com/truechain-hybrid-consensus-public-blockchain/
Jansen, A. (2018). Investigation of the potential of blockchain technology to create traceability and transparency along a raw material value chain. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Aalto University: https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi
Jeppsson, A., & Olsson, O. (2017). Blockchains as a solution for traceability and transparency. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Lund University: https://lup.lub.lu.se
Joshi, P., Haghnegahdar, L., Anika, Z., & Singh, M. (2017). Supply Chain Innovations in the Oil and Gas Industry. Retrieved Otober 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Juels, A., Kosba, A. E., & Shi, E. (2016, October). The ring of gyges. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Kamath, R. (2018, July). Food traceability on blockchain: Walmart's Pork and mango pilots with IBM. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Karnani, A. (2007, July). The mirage of marketing to the bottom of the pyramid: how the private sector can help alleviate poverty. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Kembro, J., Selviaridis, K., & Näslund, D. (2014, September 2). Theoretical perspectives on information sharing in supply chains: a systematic literature review and conceptual framework. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://www.emerald.com
Khalid, R. U., Seuring, S., Beske, P., Land, A., Yawar, S. A., & Wagner, R. (2015, September 14). Putting sustainable supply chain management into base of the pyramid research. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com
King, S., & Nadal, S. (2012, August 19). PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake. Retrieved August 30, 2020, from Semantic Scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org/
Kinnaird, C., Geipel, M., & Bew, M. (2017). Blockchain technology. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Arup: www.arup.com
Klein, S., & Poulymenakou, A. (2006). Managing Dynamic Networks: Organizational Perspectives of Technology Enabled Inter-firm Collaboration. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Springer: https://www.springer.com
Ko, T., Lee, J., & Ryu, D. (2018, November). Blockchain technology and manufacturing industry: Real-time transparency and cost savings. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Koeppen, M., Shrier, D., & Bazilian, M. (2017). Blockchain's Future in Oil and Gas Transformative or Transient? Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com
Kolli, P., Jain, J., Prateek, A., Rush, N., & Chaudhuri, S. (2018). Making Sense of Blockchain: How Firms Can Chart a Strategic Path Forward? Retrieved December 1, 2020, from The Mack Institute for Innovation Management: ttps://mackinstitute.wharton.upenn.edu
Konashevych, O. (2016). Advantages and current issues of blockchain use in microgrids. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from Semanticscholar Web site: https://www.semanticscholar.org
Korpela, K., Hallikas, J., & Dahlberg, T. (2017, January). Digital supply chain transformation toward blockchain integration. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Kouhizadeh, M., & Sarkis, J. (2018, October 12). Blockchain practices, potentials, and perspectives in greening supply chains. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from MDPI: https://www.mdpi.com/
Kshetri, N. (2017b). Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the global South? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Taylor & Francies Oiline: https://www.tandfonline.com/
Kshetri, N. (2018, April). 1 Blockchain's roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Kshetri, N. (2018, April). 1 Blockchain's roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Kwon, I.-W. G., & Suh, T. (2004, January). Factors affecting the level of trust and commitment in supply chain relationships. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Kwon, I."W. G., & Suh, T. (2005, February 1). Trust, commitment and relationships in supply chain management: a path analysis. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com
Laaper, S., Fritzgerald, J., Quasney, E., Yeh, W., & Basir, M. (2017). Using blockchain to drive supply chain innovation. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com
Lakhanpal, V., & Samuel, R. (2018). Implementing blockchain technology in oil and gas industry: A review. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 24-26 (pp. 1-12). Dallas, Texas, USA: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-191750-MS
Lee, J.-H., & Pilkington, M. (2017, June 14). How the blockchain revolution will reshape the consumer electronics industry [Future directions]. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Li, Z., Wu, H., King, B., Ben Miled, Z., Wassick, J., & Tazelaar, J. (2017, July 17). On the integration of Event-Based and Transaction-Based architectures for supply chains. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Liang, X., Shetty, S., Tosh, D., Kamhoua, C., Kwiat, K., & Njilla, L. (2017). ProvChain: A Blockchain-Based Data Provenance Architecture in Cloud Environment with Enhanced Privacy and Availability. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IEEE: https://www.computer.org/
Lindman, J., Tuunainen, V. K., & Rossi, M. (2017, January). Opportunities and risks of blockchain technologies. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Liu, J., Kadiyala, A., & Cannistraci, P. (2019, January). Enhancing supply chains with the transparency and security of distributed ledger technology. Retrieved DEcember 1, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com
Lomas, N. (2015, June 29). Everledger is using blockchain to combat fraud, starting with diamonds. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from TtechCrunch: https://techcrunch.com
Lu, H., Huang, K., Azimi, M., & Guo, L. (2019, April 11). Blockchain Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review of Applications, Opportunities, Challenges, and Risks. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Lu, Q., & Xu, X. (2017, November 13). Adaptable Blockchain-Based systems: a case study for product traceability. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Lützenburg, B. (2017). Aiming for Supply Chain Transparency: Exploring the Potential of Blockchains. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Lund University Publications: https://lup.lub.lu.se
Mackey, T. K., & Nayyar, G. (2017, March). A review of existing and emerging digital technologies to combat the global trade in fake medicines. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate.: https://www.researchgate.net
Makhdoom, I., Abolhasan, M., Abbas, H., & Ni, W. (2019, January). Blockchain's adoption in IoT: The challenges, and a way forward. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Mankins, M. (2017, September 7). How Leading Companies Build the Workforces They Need to Stay Ahead. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org
Mansfield-Devine, S. (2017, May). Beyond bitcoin: using blockchain technology to provide assurance in the commercial world. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Mao, D., Wang, F., Hao, Z., & Li, H. (2018, August). Credit evaluation system based on blockchain for multiple stakeholders in the food supply chain. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Mark, P. (2016). Distributed ledger technology: beyond blockchain. Retrieved Septemper 24, 2020, from Assets Publishing Service Govenement UK Web site : https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/
Márquez, P., Reficco, E., & Berger, G. (2010). Socially Inclusive Business: Engaging the Poor through Market Initiatives in Iberoamerica. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Harvard University Press: https://www.hup.harvard.edu/
Marshall, D., McCarthy, L., McGrath, P., & Claudy, M. (2015, June 8). Going above and beyond: how sustainability culture and entrepreneurial orientation drive social sustainability supply chain practice adoption. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Eemerald: https://www.emerald.com
Mattila, J. (2016). The Blockchain Phenomenon - The Disruptive Potential of Distributed Consensus Architectures. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from Semanticscholar Web ite: https://www.semanticscholar.org/
Mattila, J., Seppälä, T., Naucler, C., Riitta, S., Tikkanen, M., Bådenlid, A., & Seppälä, J. (2016, October 11). Industrial Blockchain Platforms: An Exercise in Use Case Development in the Energy Industry. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from Etla Web site: https://www.etla.fi/en/publications
McCallum, T. (2018, Feburary 18). Diving into Ethereum's World State. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Medium: https://medium.com/
McKenzie, J. (2018, February 4). Why blockchain won't ï¬x food safety - yet. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from The Counter: https://thecounter.org/blockchain-food-traceability-walmart-ibm
Michelman, P. (2017, March 27). Seeing beyond the blockchain hype. Retrieved July 30, 2020, from MIT Sloan Management Review: https://sloanreview.mit.edu
Milano, A. (2018, April 2). China's Sinochem Completes Gasoline Export Over Blockchain System. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Coindesk: https://www.coindesk.com
Milne, R. (2017, August 16). Moller-Maersk puts cost of cyber attack at up to $300m. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from The Financial Times: https://www.ft.com/
Mingxiao, D., Xiaofeng, M., Zhe, Z., Xiangwei, W., & Qijun, C. (2017, October 5-8). A review on consensus algorithm of blockchain. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
MIT Connection Science. (2019, August 20). Developing Privacy-Preserving Identity Systems and Safe Distributed Computation, Enabling an Internet of Trusted Data. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Trust::Data Consortium: https://trust.mit.edu/
Mittal, A., Slaughter, A., & Zonneveld, P. (2017). Protecting the connected barrels: Cybersecurity for upstream oil and gas. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com
Mohsin, A. H., Zaidan, A. A., Zaidan, B. B., Albahri, O., Albahri, A. S., Alsalem, M. A., & Mohammed, K. I. (2019, May). Blockchain authentication of network applications: Taxonomy, classification, capabilities, open challenges, motivations, recommendations, and future directions. Retrieved October 30 30, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Monks, K. (2017, February 24). How M-Pesa changed banking in Africa? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from CNN: https://edition.cnn.com
Morris, D. Z. (2017, March 6). Maersk Tests Blockchain-Based Freight Tracking. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Fortune Media IP Limited: https://fortune.com
Mougayar, W. (2016). The Business Blockchain: Promise, Practice, and Application of the Next Internet Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Bitcoin: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
Nakasumi, M. (2017, August 21). Information sharing for supply chain management based on block chain technology. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
Nasdaq, Inc. (2017, May 22). Nasdaq and Citi Announce Pioneering Blockchain and Global Banking Integration. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Nasdaq, Inc.: https://www.nasdaq.com
Nguyen, A., O'Rourke, M., & de Leon, L. (208). Pocket Network (Version 0.1.0). Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Pocket Inc.: https://ethresear.ch
Nguyen, G.-T., & Kim, K. (2018, February). A Survey about Consensus Algorithms Used in Blockchain. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from J Inf Process Syst: https://s3.ap-northeast-2.amazonaws.com
Notland, J. S., & Hua, A. V. (2017, February 14). Blockchain enabled trust and transparency in supply chains. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Medium: https://jqrgen.medium.com
Nyaga, G. N., Whipple, J. M., & Lynch, D. F. (2010, March). Examining supply chain relationships: do buyer and supplier perspectives on collaborative relationships differ? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Oloruntoba, R., & Gray, R. (2006, March 1). Humanitarian aid: an agile supply chain? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com/
O'Reilly, P., & Finnegan, P. (2010). Intermediaries in inter- organisational networks: building a theory of electronic marketplace performance. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Springer: https://link.springer.com/
Palmer, C. (2017, February 6). Crdit Mutuel Arka breaks new ground in France with blockchain. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from IBM: https://www.ibm.com
Panayides, P. M., & Lun, Y. (2009, November). The impact of trust on innovativeness and supply chain performance. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Patel, D., Bothra, J., & Patel, V. (2017, July 13). Blockchain exhumed. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Pearson, S., May, D., Leontidis, G., Swainson, M., Brewer, S., Bidaut, L., . . . Zisman, A. (2019, March). Are distributed ledger technologies the panacea for food traceability? Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Perks, H., Kowalkowski, C., Witell, L., & Gustafsson, A. (2017, November). Network orchestration for value platform development. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Petersen, O., & Jansson, F. (2017). Blockchain technology in supply chain traceability systems: Developing a framework for evaluating the applicability. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Lund University Publications Student Papers: https://lup.lub.lu.se
Pfohl, H.-C., & Gomm, M. (2009). Supply chain ï¬nance: optimizing ï¬nancial flows in supply chains. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Springer: https://link.springer.com/
Pilkington, M. (2015, September 18). Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Research Handbook on Digital Transformations, edited by F. Xavier Olleros and Majlinda Zhegu. Edward Elgar, 2016: https://papers.ssrn.com
Pinson, P., Baroche, T., Moret, F., Sousa, T., Sorin, E., & You, S. (2018). The emergence of consumercentric electricity markets. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from Pierrepinson: http://pierrepinson.com
Piscini, E., Dalton, D., & Kehoe, L. (2017). Blockchain & Cyber Security. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com/
Polim, R., Hu, Q., & Kumara, S. (2017). Blockchain in Megacity Logistics. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ProQquest: https://search.proquest.com
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). (2017, July). Use cases for blockchain technology in energy & commodity trading. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from PwC: https://www.pwc.com
Provan, K. G., Fish, A., & Sydow, J. (2007, June). Interorganizational networks at the network level: a review of the empirical literature on whole networks. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Pullman, M. E., Maloni, M. J., & Carter, C. (2009, October). Food for thought: social versus environmental sustainability practices and performance outcomes. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
PwC global power & utlities. (2016). Blockchain - an opportunity for energy producers and consumers? Retrieved September 25, 2020, from PwC Web site: https://www.pwc.com
Qiuhan, W., & Wei, H. (2018). Design of identity authentication agreement in mobile terminal based on SM2 algorithm and blockchain. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security "º"º 2018, Vol. 4 "º"º Issue (9): 60-65.: http://www.infocomm-journal.com/cjnis/EN/10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2018046
Ream, J., Chu, Y., & Schatsky, D. (2016, June 8). Upgrading blockchains: smart contract use cases in industry', Deloitte insights. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com
ResearchGate. (2019, January). Smart contract model based on energy blockchain. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Robey, D., Im, G., & Wareham, J. (2008, September). Theoretical foundations of empirical research on interorganizational systems: assessing past contributions and guiding future directions. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Rouse, M. (2020, March). Asymmetric cryptography (public key cryptography). Retrieved October 30, 2020, from SearchSecurity: https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com
S&P Global Platts. (2018). Blockchain for Commodities: Trading Opportunities in a Digital Age. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from S&P Global Platts: https://www.spglobal.com
Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., & Sarkis, J. (2018, October). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Sadowski, M., & Roth, A. (2016, January 27). Technology Leadership Can Pay Off. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Tandfonline: https://www.tandfonline.com
Samaniego, M., Jamsrandorj, U., & Deters, R. (2017, May 4). Blockchain as a Service for IoT. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Sander, F., Semeijn, J., & Mahr, D. (2018, September 3). The acceptance of blockchain technology in meat traceability and transparency. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Emerald Publishing Limited: https://www.emerald.com
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., & Bristow, A. (2012). Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow CM17 9NA: Pearson Education.
Sawers, A. (2017). Foxconn uses blockchain for new SCF platform after $6.5m pilot. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from SCF Brieï¬ng: http://www.scfbrieï¬ng. com
Schoemaker, P., & Mavaddat, M. (2000, January). Scenario Planning for Disruptive Technologies. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Shireesh, A., & Petrovsky, N. (2016). Will blockchain technology revolutionize excipient supply chain management? Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Journal of Excipients and Food Chemicals: https://jefc.scholasticahq.com
Shunk, D. L., Carter, J. R., Hovis, J., & Talwar, A. (2007, April 24). Electronics industry drivers of intermediation and disintermediation. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com
Sikorskia, J., Haughtona, J., & Kraft, M. (2017, June 1). Blockchain technology in the chemical industry: Machine-to-machine electricity market. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261917302672
Singh, S., Chan, Y., & McKeen, J. (2006). Knowledge Management Capability and Organizational Performance: A Theoretical Foundation. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Semantic Scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org
SolarPlaza. (2018). Comprehensive guide to companies involved in blockchain and energy. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from SolarPlaza: https://www.solarplaza.com
Stuart, T. E., & Podolny, J. M. (1996). Local search and the evolution of technological capabilities. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Wiley Online Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Sultan, K., Ruhi, U., & Lakhani, R. (2018, June 10). Conceptualizing Blockchains: Characteristics & Applications. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03693
Surujnath, R. (2017). Off the chain: A guide to blockchain derivatives markets and the implications on systemic risk. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Fordham University School of Law: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu
Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy. Champaign: O'Reilly Media Inc.
Szydlo, M. (2004, May). Merkle tree traversal in log space and time. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
Tapscott, D. T. (2016). Blockchain Revolution. New York: Portfolio / Penguin.
Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2016). Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business and the World. Penguin: Penguin Canada.
Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2016, December 7). How blockchain will change organizations. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from MITSloan Review: https://sloanreview.mit.edu
Tarafdar, M., Ofir Turel, J. D., & Gupta, A. (2014, December 16). The dark side of information technology use. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from MIT Sloan Review: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/
Tian, F. (2016, August 11). An Agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & Blockchain technology. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Tian, F. (2017, June). A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, blockchain & Internet of things. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
Toyoda, K., Mathiopoulos, P. T., Sasase, I., & Ohtsuki, T. (2017, June 28). A novel Blockchain-Based product ownership management system (POMS) for anti-Counterfeits in the post supply chain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3): 207-222.
US Department of Energy. (2009, July). Smart grid system report. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from U.S. Department of Energy Web site: https://www.energy.gov
van Aken, J. E. (2005, February). Management research as a design science: articulating the research products of mode 2 knowledge production in management. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/
van Aken, J., Chandrasekaran, A., & Halman, J. (2016, November). Conducting and publishing design science research: inaugural essay of the design science department of the. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/
Varma, C. (2019, November 29). A Study of the ECC, RSA and the Diffie-Hellman Algorithms in Network Security. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from IEEE: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
Vasin, P. (2014). BlackCoin's Proof-of-Stake Protocol V2. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Blackcoin: https://blackcoin.org/blackcoin-pos-protocol-v2-whitepaper.pdf
Vilner, Y. (2018, November 15). Bridging the Demand Gap For Blockchain Talent With Education. Retrieved November 1, 2020, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com
Viriyasitavat, W., & Hoonsopon, D. (2019, March). Blockchain characteristics and consensus in modern business processes. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Visser, C., & Hanich, Q. (2017). How blockchain is strengthening tuna traceability to combat illegal fishing. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from Semantic Scholar: https://www.semanticscholar.org
Vorick, D., & Champine, L. (2014, November 29). Simple Decentralized Storage. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Sia: https://sia.tech/sia.pdf
Wang, J., Wu, P., Wang, X., & Shou, W. (2017). The outlook of blockchain technology for construction engineering management. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchDirect: https://www.researchgate.net
Wang, Q., Craighead, C. W., & Li, J. J. (2014, September). Justice served: mitigating damaged trust stemming from supply chain disruptions. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ScienceDirect.: https://www.sciencedirect.com
Wang, Y., Hugh Han, J., & Beynon-Davies, P. (2019, January 1). Understanding blockchain technology for future supply chains: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from Emerald: https://www.emerald.com/
Weber, I., Xu, X., Riveret, R., Governatori, G., Ponomarev, A., & Mendling, J. (2016, September). Untrusted business process monitoring and execution using blockchain. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net
WFP.org. (2017). Blockchain against hunger: harnessing technology in support of syrian refugees. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from WFP: https://www.wfp.org/
White, M. (2018, January 16). Digitizing global trade with maersk and IBM. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from IBM: https://www.ibm.com
Wikipedia. (2020, April). Blockchain. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Hash function. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function
Wikipedia. (n.d.). InterP
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Mousa H. Kariri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
