SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC AND ASSOCIATION OF UTILIZATION OF LONG ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN NAIROBI COUNTY SLUM
Keywords:
Utilization, Long- acting reversible contraceptives, commercial sex workersAbstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the Socio-Demographic characteristic and association of utilization of long -acting reversible contraceptives among commercial sex workers. in Nairobi County Kibra slums.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted where both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study area, while Purposive sampling was used to select the hotspot areas. A total of 384 commercial sex workers aged 15 to 49 years were recruited through snowballing. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, guided focus group discussions and scheduled interviews for key informants. Quantitative data was analysed by computerized methods with the aid of scientific calculations, Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Statistical data was presented using tables, pie charts, and graphs. Bivariate analysis was used to check for the association between the dependent and independent variables where, the significant at (p < 0.05) were then entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Those with p < 0.05 indicated that they were statistically significant.
Results: The findings revealed that there was strong statistical significant association between the age χ2 = 188.230a, df =15, p = <0.001 , level of education, χ2 = 211.058a, df = 15, P = <0.001 and marital status, χ2 = 240.747a, df = 15, P = <0.001 in the utilization of long- acting reversible contraceptives. The religion and utilization of long- acting reversible contraceptive the study showed there was no statistically significant association. χ2 = 5.102a, df = 3, p = < 0.164
Unique contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Commercial sex workers to adopt a benefit-behavior that reduces the possibility of having negative outcomes following unintended pregnancy. The Community Health Assistants and Peer Educators need to create awareness on utilization of long- acting reversible contraceptives in the community and outreach services enhanced .The Policy makers to develop relevant policies and guidelines to support utilization of long -acting reversible contraceptives among the women of reproductive age. Similar studies to be carried out in other socio-economical settings and geographical locations.
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References
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Ampt, F. H., Lim, M. S. C., Agius, P. A., & Chersich, M. F. (2019). Use of long"acting reversible contraception in a cluster"random sample of female sex workers in Kenya. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 146(2), 184-191.
Anguzu, R., Raymond Tweheyo, Sekandi1, J. N., Zalwango1, V., 1, & Christine Muhumuza. (2014). Knowledge and attitudes towards use of long acting reversible contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Lubaga division, Kampala district, Uganda. BMC Research Notes, 7(153).
Baral, S., Beyrer, Muessig, K., & Poteat, T. (2012). Burden of HIV Among Female Sex Workers in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Infect Dis , 12(7), 538-549.
Beaugureau, M. (2018). Birth Control Implant. https://www.healthline.com/
BLACK, K. I., & SAKHAEI, T. M. G. (2010). A study investigating obstetricians' and gynaecologists' management of women requesting an intrauterine device. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 50:, 184-188.
Brooke Winner, F, J., Peipert, Zhao, Q., Buckel, C., Madden, E., E., J., Allsworth, M, G., & Secura. (2012). Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. N Engl J Med, 366, 21.
Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior. Health Commun, 25(8), 661-669.
Chandra-Mouli1, V., McCarrahe, D. R., Phillips, S. J., & Williamson3, N. E. (2014). Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: needs, barriers, and access. Reproductive Health, 11(1).
Connolly, A., Pietri, G., Yu, J., & Humphreys, S. (2014). Association between long-acting reversible contraceptive use, teenage pregnancy, and abortion rates in England. Int J Womens Health., 6, 961-974.
Crosby, R. A., Collins, T., R, L., & Stradtman. (2016). Promoting Teen Contraceptive Use by Intervention With Their Mothers. Erican Journal of Preventive Medicin, 52(3), 271-274.
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Habib, M. A., Camille Raynes-Greenow, Nausheen, S., Soofi, S. B., Sajid, M. A. B., & Black, d K. I. (2017). No TitlePrevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancies amongst women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(156), 12884-017-1339.
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Hill, N. J., Siwatu, M., & Robinson, A. K. (2014). My religion picked my birth control": the influence of religion on contraceptive use. J. Relig. Health., 53(3), 825-833.
Holt, K., Lince, N., Hargey, A., Struthers, H., Nkala, B., McIntyre, J., & Gray, G. M. (2012). Assessment of Service Availability and Health Care Workers' Opinions About Young Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health in Soweto, South Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(2), 283-293.
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Ikamari, L., Izugbara, C., & Ochako3, R. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(69), 1471-2393.
Inyama, P., & J, K. (2015). No Contraception uptake among Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Sex Workers Outreach Program. Afr J Health Sci., 28(1), :213-215.
Ippoliti, N. B., Nanda, G., & Wilcher, R. (2017). Meeting the Reproductive Health Needs of Female Key Populations Affected by HIV in Low" and Middle"Income Countries: A Review of the Evidence. BMC Infectious Diseases, 48(2), 121-151.
Kamau, M., Thanga, L., Ndirangu, D. G., & Njeru, A. (2010). Kenya Family Planning Guidelines for Service Providers. Division of Reproductive Health.
Keyobs-IFRA. (2019). Kibera: The Biggest Slum in Africa? Les Cahiers de l'Afrique, 44, 3-34.
Konstant, T. L., Rangasami's, J., Stacey[, M. J., & Nogoduka's, C. (2015). Estimating the Number of Sex Workers in South Africa: Rapid Population Size Estimation. AIDS and Behavior, 19(10), 3-15.
Leach-Lemens, C. (2010). Preventing unintended pregnancies in women living with HIV in resource-poor settings. NAM Aidsmap.
Lim, M. S. C., Zhang, X.-D., Kennedy, E., & Yan Li, Y. Y. (2015). Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Contraception Uptake, and Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Modern Contraception among Adolescent Female Sex Workers in China. PLoS ONE, 10(1), 10.1371.
Lim, M. S. C., Zhang, X.-D., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Temmerman, M. L., & Li, Y.-X. (2015). Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Contraception Uptake, and Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Modern Contraception among Adolescent Female Sex Workers in China. PLoS One, 10(1).
Luchters, S., Bosire, W., Feng, A., & Richter, M. L. (2016). A Baby Was an Added Burden": Predictors and Consequences of Unintended Pregnancies for Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya: A Mixed-Methods Study. /Ournal.Pone, 11(9).
Lunde, B., Smith, P., Grewal, M., & Kumaraswami, T. (2014). Long Acting Contraception Provision by Rural Primary Care Physicians. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 23(6), 519-524.
Mazza, D., Bateson, D., Frearson, M., & Goldstone, P. (2017). Current Barriers and Potential Strategies to Increase the Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) to Reduce the Rate of Unintended Pregnancies in Australia: An Expert Roundtable Discussion. J Obstet Gynaecol, 57(2), 206-212.
Mazzei, A., Ingabire, R., Mukamuyango, J., Nyombayire, J., Robertine Sinabamenye, Bayingana, R., Parker, R., & Tichacek, A. (2019). Community Health Worker Promotions Increase Uptake of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception in Rwanda. Reprod Health ., 16(1), 75.
Mestad, R., Secura, G., Allsworth, J. E., Madden, T., & Zhao, Q. (2011). Acceptance of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods by adolescent participants in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Contraception, 84(5), 493-498.
Ngugi, E. N., Benoit, C., Hallgrimsdottir, H., & Mikael Jansson, and E. A. R. author. (2012). Family Kinship Patterns and Female Sex Work in the Informal Urban Settlement of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. Hum Ecol Interdiscip J., 40(3), 978-3.
Nyaoke, B. A. (2017). Contraceptive preference among female sex workers in the sivet study in nairobi, kenya. 10(1136), 4.17.
Obare, F., Birungi, H., Undie, C.-C., & Wanjiru, M. (2011). Levels, trends and determinants of contraceptive use among adolescent girls in Kenya. The Population Council.
Ochako, R., Izugbara, C., Okal, J., 3, & Ian Askew. (2016). Contraceptive method choice among women in slum and non-slum communities in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Women's Health, 16(35).
Ochako, R., Mbondo, M., Aloo1, S., & Kaimenyi, S. (2015). Barriers to modern contraceptive methods uptake among young women in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 15(118).
Ochako, R., Oka, J., Kimetu, S., & Ian Askew4. (2018). Female sex workers experiences of using contraceptive methods: a qualitative study in Kenya. BMC Women's Health, 18(105).
Odek, W. O., Githuka, G. N., Avery, L., & Njoroge, P. K. (2014). Estimating the Size of the Female Sex Worker Population in Kenya to Inform HIV Prevention Programming. PLOS ONE, 10.
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Peter:, N. N. (2014). Family planning in Kenya: a review of national and district policies and budgets. Weltbevoelkerung Stiftung Deutsche (.
Prevention, C. for D. C. and. (2010). U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016.
Ramoka, B. (2018). KIBERA 4 people you should never trust in Nairobi. Https://Hivisasa.Com/Posts.
Rehan. (2011). Unintended Pregnancies: Scope of the Global Epidemic. J Pak Med Assoc, 61(2), 169-172.
Richter, M., Linda, R., & Temmerman, M. (2013). Characteristics, sexual behaviour and risk factors of female, male and transgender sex workers in South Africa. South African Medical Journa, 10(7196), 6170.
Russo, J. A., Miller, E., A, M., & Gold, D. . (2013). Myths and misconceptions about long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). J Adolesc Health., 52, S14-21.
Sing, S., DP, B., & R, B. (2010). Unintended Pregnancy. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 35(2), 94-101.
Sahilemichael, A., Temesgen, K., & Gemechukejela. (2015). Determinants of long acting reversible contraceptives use among child bearing age women in Dendi District,. J Women's Health Care, 4, 1-4.
Schwartz, S., Papworth, E., Thiam-Niangoin, M., & Abo, K. (2015). An Urgent Need for Integration of Family Planning Services Into HIV Care: The High Burden of Unplanned Pregnancy, Termination of Pregnancy, and Limited Contraception Use Among Female Sex Workers in Côte d'Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 68(2), S91-8.
Shiferaw, K., & Musa, A. (2017). Assessment of utilization of long acting reversible contraception and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Harar City, Ethiopia. The Pan African Medical Journal, 28(222), 28.222.
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Ampt, F. H., Lim, M. S. C., Agius, P. A., & Chersich, M. F. (2019). Use of long"acting reversible contraception in a cluster"random sample of female sex workers in Kenya. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 146(2), 184-191.
Anguzu, R., Raymond Tweheyo, Sekandi1, J. N., Zalwango1, V., 1, & Christine Muhumuza. (2014). Knowledge and attitudes towards use of long acting reversible contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Lubaga division, Kampala district, Uganda. BMC Research Notes, 7(153).
Baral, S., Beyrer, Muessig, K., & Poteat, T. (2012). Burden of HIV Among Female Sex Workers in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Infect Dis , 12(7), 538-549.
Beaugureau, M. (2018). Birth Control Implant. https://www.healthline.com/
BLACK, K. I., & SAKHAEI, T. M. G. (2010). A study investigating obstetricians' and gynaecologists' management of women requesting an intrauterine device. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 50:, 184-188.
Brooke Winner, F, J., Peipert, Zhao, Q., Buckel, C., Madden, E., E., J., Allsworth, M, G., & Secura. (2012). Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. N Engl J Med, 366, 21.
Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior. Health Commun, 25(8), 661-669.
Chandra-Mouli1, V., McCarrahe, D. R., Phillips, S. J., & Williamson3, N. E. (2014). Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: needs, barriers, and access. Reproductive Health, 11(1).
Connolly, A., Pietri, G., Yu, J., & Humphreys, S. (2014). Association between long-acting reversible contraceptive use, teenage pregnancy, and abortion rates in England. Int J Womens Health., 6, 961-974.
Crosby, R. A., Collins, T., R, L., & Stradtman. (2016). Promoting Teen Contraceptive Use by Intervention With Their Mothers. Erican Journal of Preventive Medicin, 52(3), 271-274.
Daniels, K., Daugherty, & J, J. (2018). Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15-49: United States, 2015-2017. NCHS Data Brief, 173, 1-8.
Daud, A., Ibn, ub K., Panoramicdon, & Sean. (2013). How Nairobi's Geography Shapes Our Lives. Panoramicdon.
Desgroppes, A., & Taupin, S. (2011). Kibera: The Biggest Slum in Africa? OpenEdition Journals, 44, 23-34.
Dhana, A., Luchters, S., Moore6, L., & Lafort, Y. (2014). Systematic review of facility-based sexual and reproductive health services for female sex workers in Africa. Licensee BioMed Central Ltd, 10(46).
Dixit, P., Ram, F., & Dwivedi2, L. K. (2012). Determinants of unwanted pregnancies in India using matched case-control designs. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(84), 1471-2393.
Dodson, N. A., Gray, S. H., & Burke, P. J. (2012). Teen Pregnancy Prevention on a LARC: An Update on Long-Acting Reversible Contraception for the Primary Care Provider. Curr Opin Pediatr, 24(4), 439-445.
Espey, E. (2011). Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives: Intrauterine Devices and the Contraceptive Implant. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 117(3), :521-522.
Finer, L. B., Jerman, J., & ML, K. (2012). Changes in Use of Long-Acting Contraceptive Methods in the United States,. Fertil Steril, 98(4), 893-897.
Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. B. (2010). The Role of Behavioral Science Theory in Development and Implementation of Public Health Interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 31(10), 399-418.
Goldstein, N. (2018). REVEALED: The REAL age women hit their sexual peak - and why your sex life should only improve with age. BILLIE SCHWAB DUNN FOR DAILY MAIL AUSTRALIA, 23(26).
Gray, Ancestry, Vawda, Y., & C, J. (2011). Health Policy and Legislation. In English & P. A (Eds.), Health Systems Trust. Health Systems Trust.
Gray, Andy, Vawda, Y., & Vawda, Y. (2011). Health policy and legislation. South African Health Review, 2011(1), 1-15.
Habib, M. A., Camille Raynes-Greenow, Nausheen, S., Soofi, S. B., Sajid, M. A. B., & Black, d K. I. (2017). No TitlePrevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancies amongst women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(156), 12884-017-1339.
Health, ministry of. (2015). Nairobi remains the hub of prostitution and HIV infection. Https://Businesstoday.Co.Ke/.
Hill, N. J., Siwatu, M., & Robinson, A. K. (2014). My religion picked my birth control": the influence of religion on contraceptive use. J. Relig. Health., 53(3), 825-833.
Holt, K., Lince, N., Hargey, A., Struthers, H., Nkala, B., McIntyre, J., & Gray, G. M. (2012). Assessment of Service Availability and Health Care Workers' Opinions About Young Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health in Soweto, South Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(2), 283-293.
Https://today.mims.com/who--unsafe-abortions-highest-in-developing-countries. (2017). WHO: Unsafe abortions highest in developing countries.
Ikamari, L., Izugbara, C., & Ochako3, R. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(69), 1471-2393.
Inyama, P., & J, K. (2015). No Contraception uptake among Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Sex Workers Outreach Program. Afr J Health Sci., 28(1), :213-215.
Ippoliti, N. B., Nanda, G., & Wilcher, R. (2017). Meeting the Reproductive Health Needs of Female Key Populations Affected by HIV in Low" and Middle"Income Countries: A Review of the Evidence. BMC Infectious Diseases, 48(2), 121-151.
Kamau, M., Thanga, L., Ndirangu, D. G., & Njeru, A. (2010). Kenya Family Planning Guidelines for Service Providers. Division of Reproductive Health.
Keyobs-IFRA. (2019). Kibera: The Biggest Slum in Africa? Les Cahiers de l'Afrique, 44, 3-34.
Konstant, T. L., Rangasami's, J., Stacey[, M. J., & Nogoduka's, C. (2015). Estimating the Number of Sex Workers in South Africa: Rapid Population Size Estimation. AIDS and Behavior, 19(10), 3-15.
Leach-Lemens, C. (2010). Preventing unintended pregnancies in women living with HIV in resource-poor settings. NAM Aidsmap.
Lim, M. S. C., Zhang, X.-D., Kennedy, E., & Yan Li, Y. Y. (2015). Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Contraception Uptake, and Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Modern Contraception among Adolescent Female Sex Workers in China. PLoS ONE, 10(1), 10.1371.
Lim, M. S. C., Zhang, X.-D., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Temmerman, M. L., & Li, Y.-X. (2015). Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Contraception Uptake, and Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Modern Contraception among Adolescent Female Sex Workers in China. PLoS One, 10(1).
Luchters, S., Bosire, W., Feng, A., & Richter, M. L. (2016). A Baby Was an Added Burden": Predictors and Consequences of Unintended Pregnancies for Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya: A Mixed-Methods Study. /Ournal.Pone, 11(9).
Lunde, B., Smith, P., Grewal, M., & Kumaraswami, T. (2014). Long Acting Contraception Provision by Rural Primary Care Physicians. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 23(6), 519-524.
Mazza, D., Bateson, D., Frearson, M., & Goldstone, P. (2017). Current Barriers and Potential Strategies to Increase the Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) to Reduce the Rate of Unintended Pregnancies in Australia: An Expert Roundtable Discussion. J Obstet Gynaecol, 57(2), 206-212.
Mazzei, A., Ingabire, R., Mukamuyango, J., Nyombayire, J., Robertine Sinabamenye, Bayingana, R., Parker, R., & Tichacek, A. (2019). Community Health Worker Promotions Increase Uptake of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception in Rwanda. Reprod Health ., 16(1), 75.
Mestad, R., Secura, G., Allsworth, J. E., Madden, T., & Zhao, Q. (2011). Acceptance of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods by adolescent participants in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Contraception, 84(5), 493-498.
Ngugi, E. N., Benoit, C., Hallgrimsdottir, H., & Mikael Jansson, and E. A. R. author. (2012). Family Kinship Patterns and Female Sex Work in the Informal Urban Settlement of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya. Hum Ecol Interdiscip J., 40(3), 978-3.
Nyaoke, B. A. (2017). Contraceptive preference among female sex workers in the sivet study in nairobi, kenya. 10(1136), 4.17.
Obare, F., Birungi, H., Undie, C.-C., & Wanjiru, M. (2011). Levels, trends and determinants of contraceptive use among adolescent girls in Kenya. The Population Council.
Ochako, R., Izugbara, C., Okal, J., 3, & Ian Askew. (2016). Contraceptive method choice among women in slum and non-slum communities in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Women's Health, 16(35).
Ochako, R., Mbondo, M., Aloo1, S., & Kaimenyi, S. (2015). Barriers to modern contraceptive methods uptake among young women in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 15(118).
Ochako, R., Oka, J., Kimetu, S., & Ian Askew4. (2018). Female sex workers experiences of using contraceptive methods: a qualitative study in Kenya. BMC Women's Health, 18(105).
Odek, W. O., Githuka, G. N., Avery, L., & Njoroge, P. K. (2014). Estimating the Size of the Female Sex Worker Population in Kenya to Inform HIV Prevention Programming. PLOS ONE, 10.
Pediatrics, A. A. of. (2014). Contraception for Adolescents. In Pediatrics (Vol. 134, Issue 6).
Peter:, N. N. (2014). Family planning in Kenya: a review of national and district policies and budgets. Weltbevoelkerung Stiftung Deutsche (.
Prevention, C. for D. C. and. (2010). U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016.
Ramoka, B. (2018). KIBERA 4 people you should never trust in Nairobi. Https://Hivisasa.Com/Posts.
Rehan. (2011). Unintended Pregnancies: Scope of the Global Epidemic. J Pak Med Assoc, 61(2), 169-172.
Richter, M., Linda, R., & Temmerman, M. (2013). Characteristics, sexual behaviour and risk factors of female, male and transgender sex workers in South Africa. South African Medical Journa, 10(7196), 6170.
Russo, J. A., Miller, E., A, M., & Gold, D. . (2013). Myths and misconceptions about long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). J Adolesc Health., 52, S14-21.
Sing, S., DP, B., & R, B. (2010). Unintended Pregnancy. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 35(2), 94-101.
Sahilemichael, A., Temesgen, K., & Gemechukejela. (2015). Determinants of long acting reversible contraceptives use among child bearing age women in Dendi District,. J Women's Health Care, 4, 1-4.
Schwartz, S., Papworth, E., Thiam-Niangoin, M., & Abo, K. (2015). An Urgent Need for Integration of Family Planning Services Into HIV Care: The High Burden of Unplanned Pregnancy, Termination of Pregnancy, and Limited Contraception Use Among Female Sex Workers in Côte d'Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 68(2), S91-8.
Shiferaw, K., & Musa, A. (2017). Assessment of utilization of long acting reversible contraception and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Harar City, Ethiopia. The Pan African Medical Journal, 28(222), 28.222.
SHOPS. (2014). Improving Access to Private Health Care in Kenya.
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2020-05-30
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Inzera, L. B., Nyamoita, D. M. G., & Kimuhu, D. S. M. (2020). SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC AND ASSOCIATION OF UTILIZATION OF LONG ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVE AMONG COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN NAIROBI COUNTY SLUM. Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, 5(2), 18 – 39. Retrieved from https://iprjb.org/journals/index.php/JHMN/article/view/1084
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