EFFECTS OF NUTRITION SUPPORT ON ATTAINMENT OF MOTOR SKILLS MILESTONES IN CHILDREN RECEIVING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) IN SELECTED SLUMS OF NAIROBI, KENYA
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Keywords:
Nutrition, motor skills, children, HIVAbstract
Purpose: To assess effect of nutrition support on achievement of motor developmental milestones in HIV-infected children on ART in urban resource-poor settings of Nairobi, Kenya.
Methodology: Quasi experimental study design, carried out in eight slum areas of Nairobi. Two hundred and sixty (260) HIV-infected children (aged 6-59 months) on ART were randomly selected from eight comprehensive care centres (CCCs) and followed for a period of up to six months.
Findings: Nutritional support did not significantly contribute to attainment of neither gross motor (AOR=2.45; 95% CI: 0.81-7.46; P=0.114) nor fine motor skills milestones (AOR=1.08; 95% CI: 0.33-3.51; P=0.904) in HIV-infcted children.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study provides insights that are critical in enabling programmes providing support to HIV-infected children consider additional factors such as environmental, treatment and educational interventions to their nutrition interventions. The findings of study can also be used to inform policy with regard to effectiveness of interventions in concretely addressing care and management of HIV and AIDS among young children in general and in resource poor settings in particular.
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References
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Blanchette, N., Smith, M.L., Fernandes-Penney, A., King, S. & Read, S. (2001). Cognitive and motor development in children with vertically transmitted HIV infection. Brain and Cognition. 46(1-2): 50-53.
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Brahmbhatt, H., Godfrey, K., Fred, W.M., David. S., Tom, L., Fred, N., Nelson, S., Kiduggavu, Mohamed, K., Maria, W., and Ronald, G. (2006). Mortality in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Children of HIV-Infected and Uninfected Mothers in Rural Uganda. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: 41(4):504-508
Chernoff, M., Nachman, S., Williams, P., Brouwers, P., Heston, J. and Hodge J., (2009). Mental health treatment patterns in perinatally HIV-infected youth and controls. Pediatrics. 124(2):627–36
Davis-Mcfarland, E. (2000). Language and oral-motor development and disorders in infants and young toddlers with human immunodeficiency virus. Seminars in Speech and Language, 21(1):19-34
Epstein, L.G.; Sharer, L.R.; Oleske, J.M.; Connor, E.M.; Goudsmit, J.; Bagdon, L.;Robert-Guroff, M. & Koeningsberger, M.R. (1986). Neurological manifestations of human immounodeficiency virus infection in children. Pediatrics, 78: 678-687.
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Fergusson, P., Tomkins, A. and Kerac, M. (2009). Improving survival of children with severe acute malnutrition in HIV-prevalent settings. International Health. 1(1):10–16.
Griffiths, R. (1970). The abilities of young children: A comprehensive system of mental measurement for the first 8 years of life - Child Development Research Centre, London. London, England: Young and Son.
Hamadani, J.D., Tofail, F., Cole, T. and Grantham-McGregor, S. (2013). The relation between age of attainment of motor milestones and future cognitive and motor development in Bangladeshi children. Journal of Maternal and Child Nutrition. 9 (suppl 1):89-104.
Hughes, S.M., Amadi, B., Mwiya, M., Nkamba, H., Mulundu, G., Tomkins, A. & Goldblatt, D. (2013). CD4 counts decline despite nutritional recovery in HIV-infected Zambian children with severe malnutrition. Pediatrics, 123:e347–51.
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Kellerman, S.E., Ahmed, S., Feeley-Summerl, T., Jay, J., Kim, M. and Phelps, B.R. (2013). Beyond prevention of mother-to-child transmission: keeping HIV-exposed and HIV-positive children healthy and alive. AIDS. 27 (2):225-233
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Mahlungulu, S., Grobler, L.A., Visser, M.E. and Volmink, J. (2007). Nutritional Interventions for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality in People with HIV. Cochrane Database System Review. 2007;CD004536
Manary, M.J., Ndkeha, M.J., Ashorn, P., Maleta, K. and Briend A. (2007). Home based therapy for severe malnutrition with ready-to-use food. Archives of Disease in Childhood – British Medical Journals, 89(6):557-61.
National AIDS Control Council (NACC) & National AIDS & STI Control Programme (NASCOP). (2014). Kenya AIDS Response Progress Report 2014 Progress towards Zero. Nairobi. Government Press.
Petzer, A. (2008). Motor development and growth status of 2-6 year olds. Human Movement Science. 52:312-321
Parks, R.A. & Danoff, J.V. (1999). Motor performance changes in children testing positive for HIV over 2 years. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 53: 524-528.
Serchuck, L. K.,Williams, P. L., Nachman, S., Gadow, K. D., Chernoff, M. and Schwartz, L. (2010). Prevalence of pain and association with psychiatric symptom severity in perinatally HIV-infected children as compared to controls living in HIV-affected households. AIDS Care, 22(5), 640–648
Sherr, L., Cluver, L., Betancourt, T., Kellerman, S., Richter, S. and Richter, L. (2014). Evidence of impact: health, psychological and social effects of adult HIV on children. AIDS. 28 (3):251–259.
Sherr, L. and Richter, L. (2013). Social effects of adult HIV on children. AIDS. 13 (2):111–123.
Smith, M.R., Danoff, J.V. and Parks, R.A. (2002). Motor Skill Development of children with HIV infection measured with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales. Paediatric Physical Therapy. 14: 74-84. DOI:10.1097/00001577-200214020-00003.
Stein, Z.A.; Tsai, R.T.; Singh, T.; Tsai, W.Y.; Kuhn, L. & Williams, R. (1995). Changes overtime in survival of children after AIDS diagnosis in New York City. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 11(3): 30-33.
Van Rie, A., Mupuala, A., & Dow, A. (2008). Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the neurodevelopment of preschool-aged children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pediatrics. 122(1):123-128.
Van Rie, A., Dow, A., Mupuala, A., & Stewart, P. (2009). Neurodevelopmental trajectory of HIV-infected children accessing care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 52(5), 636.
World Health Organization. (2014a). Revised WHO classification and treatment of childhood pneumonia at health facilities. Geneva, World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2014b). Optimizing treatment options and improving access to priority products for children living with HIV. Geneva, World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2012). The strategic use of antiretroviral to help end the HIV epidemic. Geneva: WHO Press.
Bagenda, D., Nassali, A. and Kalyesubula, I. (2013). Health, neurologic, and cognitive status of HIV-infected, long-surviving and antiretroviral-naive Ugandan children. Pediatrics. (6)117:729-740.
Baillieu, N. & Potterton, J. (2008). The extent of delay of language, motor, and cognitive development in HIV-positive infants. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 32(3), 118–121.
Blanchette, N., Smith, M.L., Fernandes-Penney, A., King, S. & Read, S. (2001). Cognitive and motor development in children with vertically transmitted HIV infection. Brain and Cognition. 46(1-2): 50-53.
Brady, M. (1994). Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection and its associated complications in children. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 34: 17-29.
Brahmbhatt, H., Godfrey, K., Fred, W.M., David. S., Tom, L., Fred, N., Nelson, S., Kiduggavu, Mohamed, K., Maria, W., and Ronald, G. (2006). Mortality in HIV-Infected and Uninfected Children of HIV-Infected and Uninfected Mothers in Rural Uganda. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: 41(4):504-508
Chernoff, M., Nachman, S., Williams, P., Brouwers, P., Heston, J. and Hodge J., (2009). Mental health treatment patterns in perinatally HIV-infected youth and controls. Pediatrics. 124(2):627–36
Davis-Mcfarland, E. (2000). Language and oral-motor development and disorders in infants and young toddlers with human immunodeficiency virus. Seminars in Speech and Language, 21(1):19-34
Epstein, L.G.; Sharer, L.R.; Oleske, J.M.; Connor, E.M.; Goudsmit, J.; Bagdon, L.;Robert-Guroff, M. & Koeningsberger, M.R. (1986). Neurological manifestations of human immounodeficiency virus infection in children. Pediatrics, 78: 678-687.
Ferguson, G. and Jelsma, J. (2009). The prevalence of motor delay among HIV infected children living in Cape Town. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 10 (32): 108-14.
Fergusson, P., Tomkins, A. and Kerac, M. (2009). Improving survival of children with severe acute malnutrition in HIV-prevalent settings. International Health. 1(1):10–16.
Griffiths, R. (1970). The abilities of young children: A comprehensive system of mental measurement for the first 8 years of life - Child Development Research Centre, London. London, England: Young and Son.
Hamadani, J.D., Tofail, F., Cole, T. and Grantham-McGregor, S. (2013). The relation between age of attainment of motor milestones and future cognitive and motor development in Bangladeshi children. Journal of Maternal and Child Nutrition. 9 (suppl 1):89-104.
Hughes, S.M., Amadi, B., Mwiya, M., Nkamba, H., Mulundu, G., Tomkins, A. & Goldblatt, D. (2013). CD4 counts decline despite nutritional recovery in HIV-infected Zambian children with severe malnutrition. Pediatrics, 123:e347–51.
Isaranurug, S. & Chompikul, J. (2009). Emotional development and nutritional status of HIV/AIDS orphaned children aged 6–12 years old in Thailand. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 13(1), 138–143.
Kadiyala, S and Rawat, R. (2014). Food access and diet quality independently predict nutritional status among people living with HIV in Uganda. Public Health Nutr: 1–7.
Kellerman, S.E., Ahmed, S., Feeley-Summerl, T., Jay, J., Kim, M. and Phelps, B.R. (2013). Beyond prevention of mother-to-child transmission: keeping HIV-exposed and HIV-positive children healthy and alive. AIDS. 27 (2):225-233
Lowick, S., Sawry, S. and Meyers, T. (2012). Neurodevelopmental delay among HIV-infected preschool children receiving antiretroviral therapy and healthy preschool children in Soweto, South Africa. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2012, 1-12.
Magadi, A. (2011). Household and community HIV/AIDS status and child malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Social Science and Medicine, 73(3): 436–446. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.042
Mahlungulu, S., Grobler, L.A., Visser, M.E. and Volmink, J. (2007). Nutritional Interventions for Reducing Morbidity and Mortality in People with HIV. Cochrane Database System Review. 2007;CD004536
Manary, M.J., Ndkeha, M.J., Ashorn, P., Maleta, K. and Briend A. (2007). Home based therapy for severe malnutrition with ready-to-use food. Archives of Disease in Childhood – British Medical Journals, 89(6):557-61.
National AIDS Control Council (NACC) & National AIDS & STI Control Programme (NASCOP). (2014). Kenya AIDS Response Progress Report 2014 Progress towards Zero. Nairobi. Government Press.
Petzer, A. (2008). Motor development and growth status of 2-6 year olds. Human Movement Science. 52:312-321
Parks, R.A. & Danoff, J.V. (1999). Motor performance changes in children testing positive for HIV over 2 years. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 53: 524-528.
Serchuck, L. K.,Williams, P. L., Nachman, S., Gadow, K. D., Chernoff, M. and Schwartz, L. (2010). Prevalence of pain and association with psychiatric symptom severity in perinatally HIV-infected children as compared to controls living in HIV-affected households. AIDS Care, 22(5), 640–648
Sherr, L., Cluver, L., Betancourt, T., Kellerman, S., Richter, S. and Richter, L. (2014). Evidence of impact: health, psychological and social effects of adult HIV on children. AIDS. 28 (3):251–259.
Sherr, L. and Richter, L. (2013). Social effects of adult HIV on children. AIDS. 13 (2):111–123.
Smith, M.R., Danoff, J.V. and Parks, R.A. (2002). Motor Skill Development of children with HIV infection measured with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales. Paediatric Physical Therapy. 14: 74-84. DOI:10.1097/00001577-200214020-00003.
Stein, Z.A.; Tsai, R.T.; Singh, T.; Tsai, W.Y.; Kuhn, L. & Williams, R. (1995). Changes overtime in survival of children after AIDS diagnosis in New York City. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 11(3): 30-33.
Van Rie, A., Mupuala, A., & Dow, A. (2008). Impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the neurodevelopment of preschool-aged children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pediatrics. 122(1):123-128.
Van Rie, A., Dow, A., Mupuala, A., & Stewart, P. (2009). Neurodevelopmental trajectory of HIV-infected children accessing care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 52(5), 636.
World Health Organization. (2014a). Revised WHO classification and treatment of childhood pneumonia at health facilities. Geneva, World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2014b). Optimizing treatment options and improving access to priority products for children living with HIV. Geneva, World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2012). The strategic use of antiretroviral to help end the HIV epidemic. Geneva: WHO Press.
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Published
2019-03-29
How to Cite
Nkirote, L., Ng’ang’a, P. Z. W., Muchiri, P. E. M., & Kombe, D. Y. (2019). EFFECTS OF NUTRITION SUPPORT ON ATTAINMENT OF MOTOR SKILLS MILESTONES IN CHILDREN RECEIVING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) IN SELECTED SLUMS OF NAIROBI, KENYA. Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, 4(2), 30 – 49. Retrieved from https://iprjb.org/journals/index.php/JHMN/article/view/857
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