EFFECTS OF POST-IMPLEMENTATION COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON SUSTAINABILITY OF BOREHOLE WATER PROJECTS IN EMBU COUNTY, KENYA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/ijepm.1188Keywords:
Community-Based Management, Community Participation, Participatory Monitoring, Financial Transparency and Accountability, Post-ImplementationAbstract
Purpose: The study sought to establish the effect of post-implementation community participation on sustainability of borehole water projects in Mbeere South sub county, Embu County.
Methodology: The study employed cross-sectional research design. The target population comprised of 770 executive borehole management committee members, 16,800 household borehole water users in Mbeere South Sub County, five project managers from non-state agencies involved in rural water provision and management and two government water officers. The study used utilized a sample size of 657. Krejcie and Morgan table was used to select 260 executive borehole committee members while Yamane formula was employed to sample 390 household borehole water users who were selected from the five wards in Mbeere south sub county by use of proportionate random sampling method. Census sampling was applied to select two government water officers and five project officers from non-state agencies. The study used questionnaires and interview guides to gather primary data from the respondents. The questionnaires were piloted with 70 randomly picked respondents drawn from the target population to ascertain their reliability in gathering relevant data while content validity was achieved through review by experts and professionals in the field of study. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
Findings: Pearson Chi-Square analysis revealed that monitoring cases of vandalism and poor hand pump handling, monitoring hand pump defects and breakdowns, supervision of community-led maintenance and repair were statistically significant at 5% precision level with P- values of 0.000, 0.000, 0.020 respectively. The study also established that community caretakers technical training, availability of hand pump spare parts and technician entrepreneurs in village markets were statistically significant at 5% precision level with P-value of 0.000. In regard to financial transparency and accountability, beneficiaries' willingness to pay for water, availability of enough funds to cover maintenance and management costs, community demand for water, application of book keeping skills in borehole projects management and keeping of financial records of household payments were statistically significant at 5% precision level with P-value of 0.000, 0.006, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000 respectively. Further, 78.9% of the household water users indicated that there were no mechanisms for auditing the records prepared by the borehole management committees and regarding their involvement in financial decision making only 26.2% affirmed participation in financial decision-making process.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that community beneficiaries should be sufficiently mobilized and prepared to facilitate effective community management of rural borehole water projects during the post-implementation period as postulated by the Community Coalition Action and Citizen Participation theories. Additionally, the borehole management committees should be supported by external stakeholders to enhance their technical and financial management skills in order to ensure technical and financial sustainability of rural community managed borehole projects through facilitative and village-level operation and maintenance and effective accountability and transparency mechanisms.
Downloads
References
Ako, J. N. (2017). A study of community and citizen participation in development and policy making in Stockholm, Varmdo and Bortkyrka municiparities in Sweden. Malmo University.
Apeli, C. W. (2015). Determinants of Sustainability of Donor Funded Water Projects: A Case Of Water Resources Users Associations In Bungoma County, Kenya. University of Nairobi.
Braimah, I., Amponsah, O., & Asibey, M. O. (2016). The effectiveness of the local management systems of rural water facilities for sustainable service delivery: a case study of the Sekyere East District, Ghana. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2(4), 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-016-0070-7
Chowns, E. (2017). Community management of rural water supply in Malawi"¯: part of the sustainability problem , not the solution. (October), 1-7.
Claridge, T. (2004). Designing social sensitive participation methodoogies. Brisbane, Australia.
Dan-hassan, M. A. (2017). Review of Borehole Failures: Causes and Remedies. National Convention of Water Well Drilling Rig Owners and Practitioners (AWDROP), (July 2019). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13702.93768
DFID. (2001). Addresing the Water Crisis healthier and more productive lives for poor people. BBA - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 23(C), 224-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(57)90322-0
Ducrot, R. (2016). When good practices by water committees are not relevant: Sustainability of small water infrastructures in semi-arid mozambique. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 102, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.08.004
Etongo, D., Fagan, G. H., & Asaba, R. B. (2018). Community-Managed Water Supply Systems in Rural Uganda"¯: The Role of Participation and Capacity Development. Water, 10(1271), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091271
Gleitsmann, B. A., Kroma, M. M., & Steenhuis, T. (2007). Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability. Natural Resources Forum, 31(2), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2007.00144.x
Guerrero, C. N. (2016). Tipping Points in Community-Based Management.
Gunning, J. W., Elbers, C., & Turner, S. (2009). Impact evaluation of drinking water supply and sanitation interventions in rural Mozambique.
Harvey, P., & Reed, B. (2004). Rural Water Supply in Africa: Building Blocks for Handpump Sustainability (K. Daniel, Ed.). Retrieved from http://www.lboro.ac.uk/wedc/%0AISBN
Hope, R. (2015). Is community water management the community's choice? Implications for water and development policy in Africa. Water Policy, 17(4), 664-678. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.170
Ibrahim, S. H. (2016). Community-Based Water Projects ' Sustainability"¯: Lessons and Challenges - A Case study from Sudan. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2(June), 38-45. Retrieved from http://arpgweb.com
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). (2009). Sustainability of Rural Development Projects: Best Practices and Lessons Learned by IFAD in Asia. 68.
Ishaku, H. T., Majid, M. R., Ajayi, A. P., & Haruna, A. (2011). Water Supply Dilemma in Nigerian Rural Communities: Looking Towards the Sky for an Answer. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 03(08), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.38069
Karegi, S., Macharia, K., Muthengia, W., & Mwiti, M. J. (2018). Hydrogeochemistry of Ground Water in Mbeere South Sub-County , Kenya. International Journal of Chemistry, 10(4), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v10n4p173
Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2019). Citizen Participation , Process , and Transparency in Local Government"¯: An Exploratory Study. The Policy Studies Journal, 00(November), 23. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12236
Korb, K. A. (2010). Calculating Reliability of Quantitative Measures Split-Half Reliability. 1-14.
Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology. A step- by- step guide for beginners. In SAGE (3rd ed., Vol. 60). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2785-4_4
Lockwood, H., & Gouais, A. Le. (2015). Professionalising community- based management for rural water services.
Maimuna, M., & Kidombo, H. (2017). Factors influencing performance of Water Projects in Arid and Semi Arid Areas . A case of EwasO Ng ' iro North Borehole Projects. International Academic Journal of Information Sciences and Project Management, 2(1), 217-238.
Marie, K. (2010). Participatory Monitoring for Improved Sustainability. Sharing experience from rural drinking water supplies project in Kyrgyzstan.
Marks, S. J., & Davis, J. (2012). Water System Sustainability in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa: Participation, Sense of Ownership, and Performance. Civil Environmental Engineering, Ph.D.(May), 159.
Mimrose, D. M. C. ., Gunawardena, E. R. ., & Nayakakorala, H. . (2011). Assessment of Sustainability of Community Water Supply Projects in Kandy District. Tropical Agricultural Research, 23(1), 51-60.
Moriarty, P., Smits, S., Butterworth, J., & Franceys, R. (2013). Trends in Rural Water Supply"¯: Towards a Service Delivery Approach. Water Alternatives, 6(3), 329-349.
Munyao, J. (2016). Effect of Community Based Management on Sustainability of Water Projects in Machakos County. KCA University.
Musonda, K. (2004). Issues regarding sustainability of rural water supply in Zambia. University of South Africa.
Mwakazi, G. M. (2017). Factors Influencing Sustainability of Community based Borehole Water Supply Projects in Kitui South sub- county, Kenya. University of Nairobi.
Mwangi, M. (2014). Determinants Of Sustainability Of Community Water Projects In Kieni East District, Nyeri County. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
Naiga, R., & Penker, M. (2014). Determinants of Users ' Willingness to Contribute to Safe Water Provision in Rural Uganda. Journal of Local Self-Government, 12(3), 695-714. https://doi.org/10.4335/12.3.695-714(2014)
Nyaguthii, E., & Oyugi, L. A. (2013). Influence of Community Participation on Successiful Implementation of Constituency Development Fund Projects in Kenya"¯: Case Study of Mwea Constituency. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(8), 1-16. https://doi.org/ISSN: 2201-6333 (Print) ISSN: 2201-6740 (Online)
Ogendi, G. M., & Ong'oa, I. M. (2009). Water Policy, Accessibility and Water Ethics in Kenya. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 7(1), 177-196.
Osmond, J. (2009). Community Coalition Action Theory as a Framework for Partnership Development.
Parry-Jones, S., Reed, R., & Skinner, B. H. (2001). Sustainable Handpump Projects in Africa: A literature review. Retrieved from http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/cv/wedc/projects/shp/index.htm
Sakala, A. (2016). Factors influencing sustainability of boreholes in Chadiza District (University of Zambia). Retrieved from http://dspace.unza.zm:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4734/Main Document.pdf
Sedegah, D. D. (2014). Demand Responsive Approach and its Signifcance for Sustainable Managment of water Facilities in Shai-Osudoku District. University of Ghana.
Sehring, J. (2005). Water User Associations (WUAs) in Kyrgyzstan-A case study on institutional reform in local irrigation management (No. 24).
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation. (2013). Case studies on Functionality of Rural Water Supply Services in Africa. WASH writeshop,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Sun, Y., Asante, F., & Birner, R. (2010). Opportunities and Challenges of Community-Based Rural Drinking Water Supplies"¯: An Analysis of Water and Sanitation Committees in Ghana. IFPRI Discussion Paper, (September), 1-40.
Tafara, A. C. (2013). Factors Influencing Sustainability of Rural Community Based Water Projects In Mtito Andei, Kibwezi Sub-County, Kenya (Vol. 2). University of Nairobi.
Tana Water Services Board. (2013). Water point mapping report, Embu County.
Tiwari, C. (2013). Public-Private-Community Partnerships"¯: Key to Sustainable Water Services Delivery in Rural Areas.
Trujillo, N. C., Nguyet Hong, V. X., & Whitley, S. (2015). Mapping current incentives and investment in Viet Nam's water and sanitation sector: informing private climate finance.
UN-Water Decade Programme on Advocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC). (2015). Implementing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). Information Brief, pp. 1-8.
UN WATER. (2018). Groundwater Overview. Making the invisible visible (pp. 1-60). pp. 1-60. International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre.
UNDP. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. Undp, 24. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
UNDP Water Governance Facility/ UNICEF. (2015). "WASH and Accountability: Explaining the Concept." Accountability for Sustainability Partnership: UNDP Water Governance Facility at SIWI and UNICEF. Stockholm and New York., p. 30. Retrieved from http://www.watergovernance.org/
UNICEF/WHO. (2011). Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability. In JMP Thematic Report on Drinking Water. https://doi.org/SBN 978 92 806 4613 9
UNICEF. (2014). The rights to safe water and to sanitation. In UNCEF current Issues.
United Nations. (2015). The Millennium Development Goals Report. In Time for Global Action for People and Planet. https://doi.org/978-92-1-101320-7
USAID. (2019). Kenya Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (p. 2). p. 2. USAIDKenya.
Wanyera, L. A. (2016). Influence of Community Participation on Sustainability of Community based Projects: A case of Kiambu Water and sanitation Slum project, Nairobi County, Kenya. University of Nairobi.
WHO and UNICEF. (2000). Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
