EFFECT OF THE PSYCHO-EMOTIVE DIMENSION OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR PARASTATALS IN KENYA
Keywords:
Employee Commitment, Psycho-emotive dimension, Ethical LeadershipAbstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the psycho-emotive dimension of ethical leadership on employee commitment among senior managers in the transport sector parastatals in Kenya.
Methodology: The study adopted the positivism research philosophy and a descriptive correlational research design. The target population consisted of 253 senior managers in the transport sector parastatals. A sample of 153 senior managers was selected from the target population using the stratified random sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from senior managers. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Correlation analysis found a positive and significant relationship between the psycho-emotive dimension and employee commitment r(111) = .79, p < .05. Chi square test revealed a significant association between the psycho-emotive dimension and employee commitment, χ²(11, N = 113) = 50.86, p < .05. Results of multiple linear regression indicated that the psycho-emotive dimension was a significant predictor of employee commitment, β = 0.77, t(113) = 13.42, p < .05, and that 62% of the variance in employee commitment was caused by the psycho-emotive dimension, R2 = .62, F(1,111) = 179.95, p < .05.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Previous studies on ethical leadership have focused on the ethical characteristics of the leader and behavioral traits in the Western settings. This study has provided an in-depth examination of ethical leadership and its effect on employee commitment in the African public sector context.
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References
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Choi, Y., & Lee, D. (2014). Psychological capital, Big Five traits, and employee outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(2), 122-140. http://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2012-0193
Dinc, M. S., & Aydemir, M. (2014). The Effects of Ethical Climate and Ethical Leadership on Employee Attitudes: Bosnian Case. International Journal of Management Sciences, 2(9), 391-405.
Downe, J., Cowell, R., & Morgan, K. (2016). What Determines Ethical Behavior in Public Organizations: Is It Rules and/or Leadership? Public Administration Review, 76(6), 898-909. http://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562.
Duggar, J. W. (2009). The Role of Integrity Inindividual and Effective Corporate Leadership. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 3, 1-7.
Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2015). Personality and Management Level: Traits That Differentiate Leadership Levels. Psychology, 06(05), 549-559. http://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.65053
González, T. F., & Guilln, M. (2002). Leadership ethical dimension: a requirement in TQM implementation. The TQM Magazine, 14(3), 150-164. http://doi.org/10.1108/09544780210425892
Guay, R. P. (2013). The relationship between leader fit and transformational leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(1), 55-73. http://doi.org/10.1108/02683941311298869
Hansen, A., Byrne, Z., & Kiersch, C. (2014). How interpersonal leadership relates to employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(8), 953-972. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2012-0343
Harvey, P., Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., Buckless, A., & Pescosolido, A. T. (2014). The Impact of Political Skill on Employees' Perceptions of Ethical Leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(1), 5-16. http://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813483834
Hawass, H. H. (2016). Ethical leadership and job insecurity: Exploring interrelationships in the Egyptian public sector. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 25(4), 557-581. http://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415703
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Kimutai, K. A., & Sakataka, W. (2015). Effect of reward on employee engagement and commitment at Rift Valley Bottlers Company. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 1(5), 36-54.
Kónya, V., Grubić-Nešić, L., & Matić, D. (2015). The influence of leader-member communication on organizational commitment in a central European hospital. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 12(3), 109-128. http://doi.org/10.12700/APH.12.3.2015.3.7
Kooskora, M., & Mägi, P. (2010). Ethical Leadership Behaviour and Employee Satisfaction. In 11th EBEN Research Conference (p. 13).
Korir, I. (2016). The Effect of Reward Management on Employees Commitment in the Universities in Nakuru County-Kenya. Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), 37. http://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20160404.12
Kumasey, A. S., Bawole, J. N., & Hossain, F. (2017). Organizational commitment of public service employees in Ghana: do codes of ethics matter? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83, 59-77. http://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316634447
Loi, R., Lam, L. W., Ngo, H. Y., & Cheong, S. (2015). Exchange mechanisms between ethical leadership and affective commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(6), 645-658. http://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415703
Mamede, C. (2014). Leader ' s moral inteligence and employees ' affective commitment: the mediating role of transformational leadership. In XXIV Luso-Spanish Conference on Scientific Management (pp. 3-11).
Mehmet, S. G., & Büşra, K. (2016). Effects of Leadership Behavior on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Public Sector Research. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 05(02). http://doi.org/10.4172/2169-026X.1000184
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Sun, Y., & Xu, L. (2013). What factors influence the organizational commitment of public sector employees in China? The role of extrinsic, intrinsic and social rewards. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 3262-3280. http://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.770783
Minja, D. M. (2011). Ethical leadership practice: The foundation of political and economic development in Kenya. In Browsing Ethics Conference 2011 (p. 14).
Musyimi, S. (2016). Perceived Effect of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance among Commercial Banks in Kenya. Unpublished MBA thesis, University of Nairobi.
Nazir, S., Shafi, A., Qun, W., Nazir, N., & Tran, Q. D. (2016). Influence of organizational rewards on organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Employee Relations, 38(4), 596-619.
Neubert, M. J., Wu, C., & Roberts, J. A. (2013). The influence of ethical leadership and regulatory focus on employee outcomes. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(2), 269-296. http://doi.org/10.5840/beq201323217
Olesia, W. S., Namusonge, G. S., & Iravo, M. E. (2013a). Influence of Visioning on Organizational Commitment in Kenyan State Corporations. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(5), 8-15. http://doi.org/10.9790/0837-20540815
Olesia, W. S., Namusonge, G. S., & Iravo, M. E. (2013b). Role of Servant Leadership on Organizational Commitment"¯: An Exploratory Survey of State Corporations in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(13), 85-94.
Osibanjo, O., Adeniji, A. A., & Olubusayo, H. (2014). Compensation packages: a strategic tool for employees' performance and retention. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, (25), 65-84.
Pundt, A. (2015). The relationship between humorous leadership and innovative behavior. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(8), 878-893. http://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-03-2013-0082
Sanecka, E. (2013). Perceived supervisor's subclinical psychopathy and subordinate's organizational commitment, job satisfaction and satisfaction with executive. The Journal of Education Culture and Society, 2, 172-191. http://doi.org/10.15503/jecs20132-172-191
Saqib, S., Abrar, M., Sabir, H. M., Bashir, M., & Baig, S. A. (2015). Impact of Tangible and Intangible Rewards on Organizational Commitment"¯: Evidence from the Textile Sector of Pakistan. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, (March), 138-147.
Scott, B. A., Colquitt, J. A., Paddock, E. L., & Judge, T. A. (2010). A daily investigation of the role of manager empathy on employee well-being. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 113(2), 127-140.
Shafer, W. E., Poon, M. C. C., & Tjosvold, D. (2013). Ethical climate, goal interdependence, and commitment among Asian auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28(3), 217-244. http://doi.org/10.1108/02686901311304358
Shafiq, M., & Rana, R. A. (2016). Relationship of Emotional Intelligence to Organizational Commitment of College Teachers in Pakistan. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, (62), 1-14.
Sofia, A. A., Ahmad, S., & Hadiwidjaja Djumilah, N. (2017). The Role of Tenure as a Mediating Factor on the Effect of Moral Person and Moral Manager Toward Affective Commitment of Employees: A Study on Civil Servants of the Government of Malang Regency. RJOAS, 1(61), 216-223.
Tanui, G. (2015). The Perceived Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Performance at Kenya Ports Authority. Unpublished MBA thesis, University of Nairobi.
Tarus, B. K. (2016). Compensation Strategies and Employee Commitment in Kenya: A Quantitative Analysis on Public Sector. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 4(1), 27-33.
Thompson, G., Buch, R., & Kuvaas, B. (2017). Political skill, participation in decision-making and organizational commitment. European Journal of Marketing, 46(4), 740-749. http://doi.org/10.1108/EL-01-2014-0022
Treviño, L. K., & Brown, M. E. (2005). The role of leaders in influencing unethical behavior in the workplace. In R. Kidwell & C. Martin (Eds.), Managing Organizational Deviance (pp. 69-96). London, UK: Sage Publishing. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231105.n3
Treviño, L. K., Hartman, L. P., & Brown, M. E. (2000). What Determines Ethical Behavior in Public Organizations: Is It Rules and/or Leadership? California Management Review, 42(4), 128-143.
Werbel, J. D., & Henriques, P. L. (2009). Different views of trust and relational leadership: supervisor and subordinate perspectives. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(6), 780-796. http://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910996798
Yates, L. (2011). Exploring the relationship of ethical leadership with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 7(1), 1-14.
Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Giles, W. F., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Is personality associated with perceptions of LMX? An empirical study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 28(7), 613-631. http://doi.org/10.1108/01437730710823879
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Choi, Y., & Lee, D. (2014). Psychological capital, Big Five traits, and employee outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(2), 122-140. http://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2012-0193
Dinc, M. S., & Aydemir, M. (2014). The Effects of Ethical Climate and Ethical Leadership on Employee Attitudes: Bosnian Case. International Journal of Management Sciences, 2(9), 391-405.
Downe, J., Cowell, R., & Morgan, K. (2016). What Determines Ethical Behavior in Public Organizations: Is It Rules and/or Leadership? Public Administration Review, 76(6), 898-909. http://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12562.
Duggar, J. W. (2009). The Role of Integrity Inindividual and Effective Corporate Leadership. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 3, 1-7.
Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2015). Personality and Management Level: Traits That Differentiate Leadership Levels. Psychology, 06(05), 549-559. http://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.65053
González, T. F., & Guilln, M. (2002). Leadership ethical dimension: a requirement in TQM implementation. The TQM Magazine, 14(3), 150-164. http://doi.org/10.1108/09544780210425892
Guay, R. P. (2013). The relationship between leader fit and transformational leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(1), 55-73. http://doi.org/10.1108/02683941311298869
Hansen, A., Byrne, Z., & Kiersch, C. (2014). How interpersonal leadership relates to employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(8), 953-972. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2012-0343
Harvey, P., Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., Buckless, A., & Pescosolido, A. T. (2014). The Impact of Political Skill on Employees' Perceptions of Ethical Leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(1), 5-16. http://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813483834
Hawass, H. H. (2016). Ethical leadership and job insecurity: Exploring interrelationships in the Egyptian public sector. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 25(4), 557-581. http://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415703
Kiarie, M. A. W., Maru, L. C., & Cheruiyot, T. K. (2017). Leader personality traits and employee job satisfaction in the media sector, Kenya. The TQM Journal, 29(1), 133-146. http://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-09-2015-0117
Kimutai, K. A., & Sakataka, W. (2015). Effect of reward on employee engagement and commitment at Rift Valley Bottlers Company. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 1(5), 36-54.
Kónya, V., Grubić-Nešić, L., & Matić, D. (2015). The influence of leader-member communication on organizational commitment in a central European hospital. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 12(3), 109-128. http://doi.org/10.12700/APH.12.3.2015.3.7
Kooskora, M., & Mägi, P. (2010). Ethical Leadership Behaviour and Employee Satisfaction. In 11th EBEN Research Conference (p. 13).
Korir, I. (2016). The Effect of Reward Management on Employees Commitment in the Universities in Nakuru County-Kenya. Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), 37. http://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20160404.12
Kumasey, A. S., Bawole, J. N., & Hossain, F. (2017). Organizational commitment of public service employees in Ghana: do codes of ethics matter? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83, 59-77. http://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316634447
Loi, R., Lam, L. W., Ngo, H. Y., & Cheong, S. (2015). Exchange mechanisms between ethical leadership and affective commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(6), 645-658. http://doi.org/10.1108/02656710210415703
Mamede, C. (2014). Leader ' s moral inteligence and employees ' affective commitment: the mediating role of transformational leadership. In XXIV Luso-Spanish Conference on Scientific Management (pp. 3-11).
Mehmet, S. G., & Büşra, K. (2016). Effects of Leadership Behavior on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Public Sector Research. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 05(02). http://doi.org/10.4172/2169-026X.1000184
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Sun, Y., & Xu, L. (2013). What factors influence the organizational commitment of public sector employees in China? The role of extrinsic, intrinsic and social rewards. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 3262-3280. http://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.770783
Minja, D. M. (2011). Ethical leadership practice: The foundation of political and economic development in Kenya. In Browsing Ethics Conference 2011 (p. 14).
Musyimi, S. (2016). Perceived Effect of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance among Commercial Banks in Kenya. Unpublished MBA thesis, University of Nairobi.
Nazir, S., Shafi, A., Qun, W., Nazir, N., & Tran, Q. D. (2016). Influence of organizational rewards on organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Employee Relations, 38(4), 596-619.
Neubert, M. J., Wu, C., & Roberts, J. A. (2013). The influence of ethical leadership and regulatory focus on employee outcomes. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(2), 269-296. http://doi.org/10.5840/beq201323217
Olesia, W. S., Namusonge, G. S., & Iravo, M. E. (2013a). Influence of Visioning on Organizational Commitment in Kenyan State Corporations. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(5), 8-15. http://doi.org/10.9790/0837-20540815
Olesia, W. S., Namusonge, G. S., & Iravo, M. E. (2013b). Role of Servant Leadership on Organizational Commitment"¯: An Exploratory Survey of State Corporations in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(13), 85-94.
Osibanjo, O., Adeniji, A. A., & Olubusayo, H. (2014). Compensation packages: a strategic tool for employees' performance and retention. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, (25), 65-84.
Pundt, A. (2015). The relationship between humorous leadership and innovative behavior. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(8), 878-893. http://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-03-2013-0082
Sanecka, E. (2013). Perceived supervisor's subclinical psychopathy and subordinate's organizational commitment, job satisfaction and satisfaction with executive. The Journal of Education Culture and Society, 2, 172-191. http://doi.org/10.15503/jecs20132-172-191
Saqib, S., Abrar, M., Sabir, H. M., Bashir, M., & Baig, S. A. (2015). Impact of Tangible and Intangible Rewards on Organizational Commitment"¯: Evidence from the Textile Sector of Pakistan. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, (March), 138-147.
Scott, B. A., Colquitt, J. A., Paddock, E. L., & Judge, T. A. (2010). A daily investigation of the role of manager empathy on employee well-being. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 113(2), 127-140.
Shafer, W. E., Poon, M. C. C., & Tjosvold, D. (2013). Ethical climate, goal interdependence, and commitment among Asian auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28(3), 217-244. http://doi.org/10.1108/02686901311304358
Shafiq, M., & Rana, R. A. (2016). Relationship of Emotional Intelligence to Organizational Commitment of College Teachers in Pakistan. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, (62), 1-14.
Sofia, A. A., Ahmad, S., & Hadiwidjaja Djumilah, N. (2017). The Role of Tenure as a Mediating Factor on the Effect of Moral Person and Moral Manager Toward Affective Commitment of Employees: A Study on Civil Servants of the Government of Malang Regency. RJOAS, 1(61), 216-223.
Tanui, G. (2015). The Perceived Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Employee Performance at Kenya Ports Authority. Unpublished MBA thesis, University of Nairobi.
Tarus, B. K. (2016). Compensation Strategies and Employee Commitment in Kenya: A Quantitative Analysis on Public Sector. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 4(1), 27-33.
Thompson, G., Buch, R., & Kuvaas, B. (2017). Political skill, participation in decision-making and organizational commitment. European Journal of Marketing, 46(4), 740-749. http://doi.org/10.1108/EL-01-2014-0022
Treviño, L. K., & Brown, M. E. (2005). The role of leaders in influencing unethical behavior in the workplace. In R. Kidwell & C. Martin (Eds.), Managing Organizational Deviance (pp. 69-96). London, UK: Sage Publishing. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231105.n3
Treviño, L. K., Hartman, L. P., & Brown, M. E. (2000). What Determines Ethical Behavior in Public Organizations: Is It Rules and/or Leadership? California Management Review, 42(4), 128-143.
Werbel, J. D., & Henriques, P. L. (2009). Different views of trust and relational leadership: supervisor and subordinate perspectives. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(6), 780-796. http://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910996798
Yates, L. (2011). Exploring the relationship of ethical leadership with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 7(1), 1-14.
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Published
2018-08-30
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Ouma, C. N., O. K'Aol, P. G., & Sikalieh, P. D. (2018). EFFECT OF THE PSYCHO-EMOTIVE DIMENSION OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR PARASTATALS IN KENYA. Journal of Human Resource and Leadership, 3(2), 74 – 86. Retrieved from https://iprjb.org/journals/index.php/JHRL/article/view/698
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