ADOPTION AND IMPACT OF IMPROVED PIGEON PEAS ON FARMING HOUSEHOLD POVERTY IN SEMI-ARID SOUTH EAST KENYA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/jpid.1099Keywords:
Household poverty, pigeon pea, semi-arid areasAbstract
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the factors influencing adoption of improved pigeon peas in semi-arid South Eastern Kenya and to evaluate the impact of adoption on households' poverty.
Methodology: The study used cross sectional data gathered through household survey to establish the factors influencing improved pigeon pea adoption. Propensity score matching approach was further used to assess the impact of adoption on households' poverty.
Findings: The results show that farmers' access to improved pigeon pea seed, contact with agricultural extension service providers and access to market information significantly influenced adoption (p< 0.001). Adopters and non-adopters got an average net farm income of Kenya shillings (KES) 29,570 and 21, 490 per acre per year respectively. Adoption of improved pigeon peas resulted in a decrease of head count poverty by 0.24% and a reduction of poverty gap and poverty severity by 0.30% and 0.20 % respectively.
Contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that both National and County Government make policies that create enabling environment for private sector participation in production of certified seed to improve farmers' access to improved seed to augment production. Facilitating farmers' improved access to reliable and timely market information will increase production of marketable surplus of the peas that are adaptable to semi-arid areas, increase fall income and contribute to reduction of rural poverty.
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References
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Feder, G., Murgai, R., Quizon, J. (2003) Sending farmers back to school: the impact of farmer field schools in Indonesia. Reviewed Agricultural Economics 26(1):45-46
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Rosenbaum, P R& Rubin, D B. (1983). The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. Biometrika Journal, 70: 41-55.
Saxena, K.B., Kumar, R.V., Sultana, R. (2010). Quality Nutrition through Pigeon pea: A review. Journal of Nutrition and Health, 21; 1335-1344.
Shankar, K.R., Nagasree, K., Venkateswarlu, B., Maraty, P. (2011). Constraints and suggestions in adopting seasonal climate forecasts by farmers in South India. Journal of Agriculture Education and Extension 17 (2), 153-163.
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Shiferaw, B., Hellin, J., Muricho, G. (2011). Improving market access and agricultural productivity growth in Africa: what role for producer organizations and collective action institutions? Food Security, 3, 475-489.
Simtowe, F., Asfaw, S& Abate, T. (2016). Determinants of agricultural technology adoption under partial population awareness: the case of pigeon pea in Malawi. Agricultural and Food Economics 4 (7): 1-21 DOI 10.1186/s40100-016-0051-z.
Smale, M. &Mason, N. (2014). Hybrid Seed and the Economic Well-Being of Smallholder Maize Farmers in Zambia. Journal of Development Studies, 50(5): 680-695.
Tadesse, D.T., Hassan, R. M., Ringler, C., Alemu, T.,Yesuf, M. (2009). "Determinants of Farmers' Choice of Adaptation Methods to Climate Change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia." Global Environmental Change 19 (2): 248-55.
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USAID (2010). Staple Foods Value Chain Analysis. Country Report, Kenya.
Wambua, J M, Ngigi, M., Lutta, M (2017): Yields of Green Grams and Pigeonpeas under Smallholder Conditions in Machakos County, Kenya. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: 82(2): 91-117, DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2017.1346903.
World Bank. (2015). Increasing Agricultural Production and Resilience through Improved Agrometeorological Services. World Bank Group Report N_ 94486- GLB. Washingston, DC, USA, 82 pp.
Ahmed, A U., Hill, R. V., Naeem, F. (2014). The poorest: Who and where are they? In Marginality: Addressing the Nexus of Poverty, Exclusion and Ecology, eds. J Von Baum and FW Gatzweiler, 86-99. Berlin Springer.
Audi, P., Nagarajan, L., Jones, R., Ibrahim, M.S. (2009) Pigeonpea seed supply and diversity: a case study of local markets in Makueni district, Eastern Kenya, in: L. Lipper, C.L. Anderson and T.J. Dalton (eds) Seed Trade in Rural Markets: Implications for Crop Diversity and Agricultural Development (London/ Sterling, VA: FAO and Earthscan).
Asfaw, S., Menale, K., Lipper. L. (2012). Poverty reduction effects of agricultural technology adoption: A Micro-evidence from rural Tanzania. Journal of Development Studies, DOI:10.1080/00220388.2012.671475
Bernard, T &Spielman, D. J. (2009). Reaching the rural poor through rural producer organizations? A study of agricultural marketing cooperatives in Ethiopia. Food Policy, 34, 60-69.
Feder, G., Murgai, R., Quizon, J. (2003) Sending farmers back to school: the impact of farmer field schools in Indonesia. Reviewed Agricultural Economics 26(1):45-46
Feleke, S & Zegeye, T (2005) Adoption of improved maize varieties in southern Ethiopia: factors and strategy option. Food Policy 31:442-457.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2004). Human energy requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, Rome, 17-24 October 2001. FAO, Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series, No. 1. Rome.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2019). Framework on rural extreme poverty: Towards reaching Target 1.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals. Rome. 56 pp. Licence: cc by-nc-sa 3.0 igo.
Foster, J E. (2005). Poverty indices. In de Janvry, A., Kanbur, R. (eds.) Poverty, Inequality and Development: Essays in Honor of Erik Thorbecke, pp. 41-66. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.
Gichangi, E. M., Gatheru, M., Njiru, E. N., Mungube, E. O., Wambua, J. M., Wamuongo, J W. (2015). Assessment of climate variability and change in semi-arid eastern Kenya. Climatic Change, 130:287-297.
Government of Kenya (GoK) (2015). Government of Kenya. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. Economic Review of Agriculture (ERA). Prepared by: Central Planning and Project Monitoring Unit (CPPMU).
Greene, W.H. (2012). Econometric Analysis. 7th ed. Pearson, Harlow. Gwata, E. T. (2010). Potential Impact of Edible Tropical Legumes on Crop Productivity in the Small-holder Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 8(3-4): 939-944.
Harris, D. & Orr, A. (2014). Is Rain-fed Agriculture Really a Pathway from Poverty? Agricultural Systems, 123, 84-96.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate (IPCC). (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, Bilir TE, Chatterjee M, Ebi KL, Estrada YO, Genova RC, Girma B, Kissel ES, Levy AN, MacCracken S, Mastrandrea PR, White LL (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate (IPCC). (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty[V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R.Shukla,A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C.Pan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield(eds.)].In Press.
Kimiti, J.M., Odee, D.W., Vanlauwe, B. (2009). Area under grain legumes cultivation and problems faced by smallholder farmers in legume production in the semi-arid eastern Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 11(4): 305-315.
Kwena, K., Ayuke, F.O., Karuku, G.N., Esilaba, A O. (2017). The Curse of Low Soil Fertility and Diminishing Maize Yields in Semi-arid Kenya: Can Pigeon Peas Play Saviour? Tropical and Sub-Tropical Agroecosystems 20: 263-278.
Lambert, D.M., Paudel, K. P., Larson, J.A. (2015). Bundled adoption of precision agriculture technologies by cotton producers. Journal of Agricultural Resource Economics 40(2):325-345
Lipper, L., Thornton, PK., Campbell, BM., Baedeker, T., Braimoh, A., Bwalya, M., Caron, P., Cattaneo, A.,Garrity, D., Henry, K., Hottle, R. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change 4(12) 1068-1072.
Mathenge, M. K., Smale, M. and Olwande, J. (2014). The impacts of hybrid maize seed on the welfare of farming households in Kenya. Food Policy, 44: 262-271. Mergeai, G., Kimani, P. M., Mwangombe, A., Olubayo, F., Smith, C., Audi, P., Baudoin, J and Le-Roi, A. (2001). Survey of Pigeon Pea Production Systems, Utilisation and Marketing in Semi-arid Lands of Kenya. Biotechnology and Agronomy Society. Journal of Environmental science, 5(3):145-153.
Odeny, D.A. (2007). The potential of pigeon pea in Africa. Natural Resources Forum, 31(4):297-305.
Rosenbaum, P R& Rubin, D B. (1983). The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. Biometrika Journal, 70: 41-55.
Saxena, K.B., Kumar, R.V., Sultana, R. (2010). Quality Nutrition through Pigeon pea: A review. Journal of Nutrition and Health, 21; 1335-1344.
Shankar, K.R., Nagasree, K., Venkateswarlu, B., Maraty, P. (2011). Constraints and suggestions in adopting seasonal climate forecasts by farmers in South India. Journal of Agriculture Education and Extension 17 (2), 153-163.
Shiferaw, B., Okello, J., Muricho, G., Omiti, J., Silim, S. and Jones, R. (2008). Unlocking the potential of high-value legumes in the semi-arid regions: analyses of the pigeonpea value chains in Kenya. International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics. Research Report No. 1.
Shiferaw, B., Hellin, J., Muricho, G. (2011). Improving market access and agricultural productivity growth in Africa: what role for producer organizations and collective action institutions? Food Security, 3, 475-489.
Simtowe, F., Asfaw, S& Abate, T. (2016). Determinants of agricultural technology adoption under partial population awareness: the case of pigeon pea in Malawi. Agricultural and Food Economics 4 (7): 1-21 DOI 10.1186/s40100-016-0051-z.
Smale, M. &Mason, N. (2014). Hybrid Seed and the Economic Well-Being of Smallholder Maize Farmers in Zambia. Journal of Development Studies, 50(5): 680-695.
Tadesse, D.T., Hassan, R. M., Ringler, C., Alemu, T.,Yesuf, M. (2009). "Determinants of Farmers' Choice of Adaptation Methods to Climate Change in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia." Global Environmental Change 19 (2): 248-55.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Kenya Annual Report. (2018).
USAID (2010). Staple Foods Value Chain Analysis. Country Report, Kenya.
Wambua, J M, Ngigi, M., Lutta, M (2017): Yields of Green Grams and Pigeonpeas under Smallholder Conditions in Machakos County, Kenya. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: 82(2): 91-117, DOI: 10.1080/00128325.2017.1346903.
World Bank. (2015). Increasing Agricultural Production and Resilience through Improved Agrometeorological Services. World Bank Group Report N_ 94486- GLB. Washingston, DC, USA, 82 pp.
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Published
2020-07-08
How to Cite
Matere, S. J., Busienei, J. R., & Mbatia, O. E. (2020). ADOPTION AND IMPACT OF IMPROVED PIGEON PEAS ON FARMING HOUSEHOLD POVERTY IN SEMI-ARID SOUTH EAST KENYA. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 5(1), 36 – 48. https://doi.org/10.47604/jpid.1099
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