A Comparative Study of the Use of Cow's Milk and Plant-Based Alternatives Such as Almond Milk and Oat Milk on Diabetic Rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47604/ijf.2212Keywords:
Almond Milk, Oat Milk, Caw Milk, Physicochemical, Radical Scavenging Activity, Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Urea and the Phenolic ContentAbstract
Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate physicochemical, rheological, microbiological, antioxidant and sensory properties of caw, almond and oat milk. Caw milk served as a control (animal source), and the other treatments were made from almond milk and oat milk (plant source).
Methodology: Thirty five male adult albino rats of Sprague Dawely strain weighing 180- 220 g were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group (1) non-treated non- diabetic rats (negative control). Group (2) diabetic rats (received Streptozotocin (STZ), 60 mg/Kg BW) (positive control).Group (3) diabetic rats fed on basal diet with caw milk (10g/day) by epi gastric tube. Group (4) diabetic rats fed on basal diet with almond milk (10g/day) by epi gastric tube. Group (5) diabetic rats fed on basal diet with oat milk (10g/day) by epi gastric tube.
Results: Results revealed that almond milk were more effective in increasing the dry matter, protein, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, energy, acidity, viscosity, phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Almond milk had the highest scores for sensory properties compared to other milk treatments. The Almond milk was evaluated as hypoglycaemic agent streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The treatment of diabetic rats with almond milk showed a significant decreases(p<0.001) in levels of blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol (CL), triglyceride (TG), AST, ALT , ALP, creatinin and urea and increased (p<0.001) high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total protein and albumin in comparison to diabetic rats.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study indicates that the theory used in the study has been validated. Consumption of almond milk in diabetic rat groups caused significant improvement in all these factors, compared to the positive control group (untreated diabetic rats), indicating that almond and oat milk can play a preventive role in such patients. It can be used as an indicator to establish future studies on the importance of consuming plant-based alternatives to milk, such as almond milk and oat milk. Policy makers should recognize the importance of a balanced diet for health in which plant-based alternatives are available and reflect this in public health recommendations.
Downloads
References
Atallah, A.A., Morsy, O.M., Gemiel. D.G. (2020): haracterization of functional low-fat yogurt enriched with whey protein concentrate, Ca-caseinate and spirulina. International Journal of Food Properties, 23 (1) (2020), pp. 1678-1691
Agrawal, R. P.; Saran, S. and Sharma, P. (2007): Effect of camel milk on residual β-cell function in recent onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 77: 494-495.
Alexandea Alcorta, A. Porta, A. Tárrega, M.D. Alvarez, M.P. Vaquero(2021): Foods for plant-based diets: challenges and innovations. Foods, 10 (2) (2021), p. 293
Aly, A. A., Zaky, E. A., Mahmoud, H. A., Alrefaei, A. F., Hameed, A. M., Alessa, H., ... & Kadasah, S. (2021): The Impact of Addition Oats (Avena sativa) and Cinnamon on Cookies and their Biological Effects on Rats Treated with Cirrhosis by CCL4. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 28(12), 7142-7151.
American Diabetes Association. (2019): 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 42, 513–528.
AOAC . fifteenth ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Inc.; Arlington, Virginia, USA: (1995): Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. [Google Scholar]
AOAC. (2007): Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, Vol.118 th ed. Washington, D.C.
Atwaa, E. H., Hassan, M. A. A., & Ramadan, M. F. (2020): Production of probiotic stirred yoghurt from camel milk and oat milk. Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 11(9), 259-264.
Atwaa E.H. , Hanan A. Radwan, Hanan S. Shalaby and Ghada M. El-Araby.(2021): Therapeutic potential of low-fat yogurt supplemented with Dried Nabaq fruit (Zizyphus spina-christi L) on hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Egyptian J. of Nutrition,2:149-201.
Augustin LSA, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA, et al.(2015): Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25(9):795-815. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005
Bandawane, D.D., Mooliya, S.B., and Jadhav, S.B.(2020): Protective role of berberine in ameliorating diabetic complications in streptozotocin-high fat diet model in experimental animals. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 12, Issue 8, 41-48.
Beg, O.U.; von Bahr-Lindström, H.; Zaidi, Z.H. and Jörnvall, H. (1986): Characterization of a camel milk protein rich in proline identifies a new beta-casein fragment. RegulPept 15: 55-61.
Bergmeyer HU, Harder M (1986): A colorimetric method of the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, Clin. Biochem., 24: 481-486.
Bodo C. Melnik And Gerd Schmitz (2019):The impact of persistent milk consumption in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus .Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2019;9(10):629- 647Page 638 of 647
Bohmer, H.B. (1971): Micro- determination of creatinine. Clin. Chem.Acta. 32: 81-85.
Brand-Williams, W.; Cuvelier, M. E.; and Berset, C.(1995): Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity. Lebenson Wiss Technol., 28, 25–30.
Bullard, K. M., Cowie, C. C., Lessem, S. E., Saydah, S. H., Menke, A., Geiss, L. S., et al. (2018): Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adults by diabetes type — United States 2016. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 67, 359–361.
Caraway, W. (1955): Determination of serum urate. Am. J. Clin. Path.25: 840.
Charalampopoulos, D., R. Wang, S.S. Pandiella and C. Webb, (2002): Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods: A review. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 79: 131-141.
Deswal, A., N.S. Deroa and H.N. Mishra, (2014): Optimization of enzymatic production process of oat milk using response surface methodology. Food Bioprocess Technol., 7: 610-618.
Devi R. and Sharma DK. (2004): Hypolipidemic effect of different extracts of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp in normal and high-fat diet fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 90: 63–68.
Deweerdt L. and Later R. (2009): Mise en place d’un laboratoire de biologie médicale autonome dans un pays en développement.
El-Batawy, O.I., Samar Mohamed Mahdy And Safaa Talaat Gohari,(2019): Development of Functional Fermented Oat Milk by Using Probiotic Strains and Whey Protein. Int.J.Dairy Sci.,14(1):21-28.
El-Zahar, K. M., Hassan, M. F., & Al-Qaba, S. F. (2021): Protective Effect of Fermented Camel Milk Containing Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on Blood Lipid Profile in
Eman Saad Ragab ,Shuwen Zhang.Sameh A. Korma,Magdalena Buniowska-Olejnik ,Sahar Abd Allah Nasser.Tuba Esatbeyoglu,Jiaping Lv And Khaled Sobhy Nassar (2023): Physicochemical and Rheological Properties of Stirred Yoghurt during Storage Induced from High-Intensity Thermosonicated Goat and Cow Milk Fermentation 2023, 9(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010042 Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2021.
Farah, Z. (1993): Composition and characteristics of camel milk. J. Dairy Res, 60: 603-626.
Friedewald WT., Levi RI. and Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoproteins cholesterol in plasma without use of the ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18: 499-502.
Galeboe, O.; Seifu, E., and Sekwati-Monang, B. (2018): Production of Camel Milk Yoghurt: Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality and Consumer Acceptability. International Journal of Food Studies. 7: 51-63.
Gohari ; S.T., O. I. El-Batawyand Samar M. Mahdy.(2019): Biological Attributes of Unfermented and Fermented Oat Milk Compared toCow Milk in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. J. Food and Dairy Sci.,. 10 (3):61 – 69.
Heng-Chang Hu, Yuan-Hong Lei, Wei-Hua Zhang, and Xiao-Qiong Luo (2022): Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Resveratrol in Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 841818.Published online 2022 Mar 9. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.841818.
Hoyt G, Hickey MS, Cordain L(2005):Dissociation of the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to whole and skimmed milk. Br J Nutr. 2005,93:175-7.
Hull, S. J. (2004): Camel's milk to treat diabetes. Nature. 363:446-448.
Kaur, C.; and Kapoor, H. C.(2002): Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Some Asian Vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech., 37, 153–161.
Khoury, D.E., Cuda, C., Luhovyy, B.L., Anderson, G.H. (2012): Beta glucan: health benefits in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2012: 1-28.
Koc, M., Taysi, S., Buyukokuroglu, M.E., and Bakan, N. (2003): Melatonin protects rat liver against irradiation-induced oxidative injury. J. Radiat. Res., 44:211-215.
Koracevic, D., Koracevic, G., Djorjevic ,V.,Anderjevic, S., and Cosic, V. (2001): Methods for measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. J.Clinpathol; 54:356-361
Lu, A.; Wei, X.; Cai, R.; Xiao, S.; Yuan, H.; Gong, J.; Chu, B.; Xiao, G. (2020): Modeling the effect of vibration on the quality of stirred yogurt during transportation. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2020, 29, 889–896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mailam, A.(2017): A comparative study on antidiabetic effect of buffalo and camel fermented milk in induced diabetic rats. Advances in food science,39(4):124-132.
Magdy Ramadan Shahein, El Sayed Hassan Atwaa, Khaled Elzahar and Ahdab Abdo Elmaadawy.( 2022): Remedial Action of Yoghurt Enriched with Watermelon Seed Milk on Renal Injured Hyperuricemic Rats. Fermentation 2022,8, 41 7 of 16
Marsch, W.H.; Fingerhut, B. and Miller, H. (1965): Automated and manual direct methods for the determination of blood urea. Clin. Chem.11: 624-27.
McClave, J.T., and Benson, P. G.(1991): Statistical for business and economics. Max Well Macmillan International editions. Dellen Publishing Co. USA. 1991:272-295.
Mensor, L. L.; Menezes, F. S.; Leitao, G. G.; Reis, A. S.; Santos, T. C. d.; Coube, C. S.; Leit~ao, and S. G.(2001): Screening of Brazilian Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity by the Use of DPPH Free Radical Method. Phytother. Res.,15, 127–130.
Nair, G.G., and Nair, C.K. (2015): Radioprotective effects of Gallic acid in mice. Bio. Med. Res. Int., 953079.
Omar, H. H.; Amal M.M. El-Nimer; Ahmed, M.A. ., and Hassaan, H.M.H.(2019): Production of functional bio - yoghurt made from camel milk, skim milk retentate and fortified with sweet potato powder. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 97 (1),441-458.
Per capita consumption of milk United States, (2017): [https://www.statista.com/statistics/448642/per-capita-comsumption-of-milk-in-the-us/.] Retrieved July 25, 20192.
Rahli, F., Saidi, N., Kihal, M., (2013): Evaluation of the factors affecting the variation of the physicochemical composition of Algerian Camel’s raw milk during different seasons. Adv. Environ. Biol. 7 (14), 4879–4884.
Ramzan, S.(2020): Oat: a novel therapeutic ingredient for food applications. J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci:, 9 (4) 756-760.
Reeves, P.G., Nielsen, F.H., and Fahey, G.C. (1993): AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J. Nutrition, 123(11):1939–1951.
Satoh, K. (1979): Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method, Clinchim Acta Nov 15; 900(1):37-43.
Singh, R. (2001): Annual Report of National Research Center on Camel. 1st Edn. Bikaner, India, pp: 50.
Soliman , T.N and Samera H. Shehata.(2019): Characteristics of fermented camel’s milk fortified with kiwi or avocado fruits. Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment. 18(1) : 53–63.
Thomas A., Schänzer W., and Thevis M. (2014): Determination of human insulin and its analogues in human blood using liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility mass spectrometry (LC‐IM‐MS). Drug Testing and Analysis. 6: 1125–1132.
Trinder P. (1969): Determination of Glucose in Blood Using Glucose Oxidase with an Alternative Oxygen Acceptor.Ann.Clin. Biochem. 6(1):24-33.
Varma, P., Bhankharia H., Bhatia, S. (2016): Oats: A multi-functional grain. Journal of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology. 5: 9-17.
Wangoh, J. (1993): What steps towards camel milk technology? Int. J. Anim. Sci, 8: 9-11.
Wang X , Ye A , Singh H ( 2020): Structural and physicochemical changes in almond milk during in vitro gastric digestion: impact on the delivery of protein and lipids. Food Funct. 2020. May 1;11(5):4314-4326. doi: 10.1039/c9fo02465d. Epub 2020 May 4.PMID: 32364189
Waser M., Michels K.B., Bieli C., Floistrup H., Pershagen G., von Mutius E., Ege M., Riedler J., Schram-Bijkerk D., Brunekreef B., et al (2007): Inverse association of farm milk consumption with asthma and allergy in rural and suburban populations across Europe. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2007;37:661–670.
Weaver MC, Daniel RJ(2005): The Food Chemistry Laboratory - A Manual for Experimental Foods, Dietetics, and Food Scientists (2nd Editions). CRC Press, 2005.
Xu, J.G., Tian, C.R., Hu, Q.P., Luo, J.Y., Wang, X.D., Tian, X.D. (2009): Dynamic changes in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in oats (Avena nuda L.) during steeping and germination. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57: 10392-10398.
Yang, R., Wang, C., Ye, H., Gao, F., Cheng, J., Zhang, T., & Guo, M. (2019): Effects of feeding hyperlipidemia rats with symbiotic oat‐based frozen yogurt on serum triglycerides and cholesterol. Food Science & Nutrition, 7(3), 1096-1103.
Yao, N., Jannink, J.L., Alavi, S., White, P.J. (2006): Physical and sensory characteristics of extruded products made from two oat lines with different β-glucan concentrations. Cereal Chemistry. 83: 692-699.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Rasha Haji Hasan Ashkanani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
